Bone Cancer Essay Example for Free

Bone crab louse EssayBone crabby person is a disease that go acrosss on or inside a trick out. Usually, bone crab louse involves a tumour filled with abnormal cells that pull up stakes occasionally appear on the exterior of the bone. Similar to other types of crabmeat, bone cancer can be life threatening. Doctors are non completely sure what causes cancer, but they continue the search to find an answer. on that point are five different types of bone cancer that can affect people from ages 10-60 years old. Bone cancer can occur in any bone in the body from the legs to the head. Unfortunately, symptoms of bone cancer are not always obvious.Most of the time, pain is the approximately apparent symptom. When recognizing symptoms at an early stage, doctors can complete testing and supply treatment to the longanimous. Treatment for bone cancer usually begins with surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Because of the need to overcome all of the abnormal cells th at are growing on or inside the bone, treatment for bone cancer can be really powerful. In about cases, treatment is very successful. Before starting cancer treatment, many longanimouss rely on statistics for a survival rate, but statistics are simply averages. Each patient has a different circumstance with his/her disease.There are 206 bones in the human body. Each bone serves several purposes. The bones of the body act as the structure that helps to support and protect many internal organs. The bones also serve as a muscle attachment that connects to the muscle to help during movement. But, most importantly, the bones of the body produce and store cells in the bone marrow. Cells reconcile up the body tissue. However, close to cells can become abnormal. Given that healthy cells make up body tissue, unhealthy cells grow and destroy body tissue and can often spread to other parts of the body. This abnormal growth of cells is called cancer.There are more than 100 types of cance r known to man, and 5 out of 100 are bone cancer. The most common type of bone cancer is Osteosarcoma, which commonly affects people from ages 10-25 years old. Osteosarcoma perplexs in new tissue usually in the arms, legs, or around the knee joint. Chondrosarcoma is another type of bone cancer. It usually develops in the cartilage of the pelvis, upper part of legs and arms, and the shoulder. Chondrosarcoma affects people from ages 50-60 years old. Ewings Sarcoma is a bone cancer that is known to begin in jejune nerve tissue in the bone marrow.It attacks the pelvis, femur, and tibia. Ewings Sarcoma usually affects people from 10-20 years old. The last two types of bone cancer are Malignant muscular Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma. Both of these types of bone cancer are very rare and usually develop in the arms and legs or around the knee joint. Malignant powerful Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma are known to affect middle aged people. Bone cancer can sometimes be hard to detect. Sympt oms of bone cancer can develop very slowly if at all. Often, one go forth develop swelling or tenderness in the affected area. Sometimes, a slightly visible orchis may be felt through the skin.Bone cancer can also interfere with body movements like walking or hiking. Broken bones can also result from bone cancer. In one case, a victim of bone cancer recently started seeing symptoms of bone cancer. She developed a strong pain in her knee joint that enabled her to walk. The victim experienced a large amount of swelling around the joint. When she consulted a physician, the patient open that she had a fracture and a cancerous tumor in her knee. Even though the above symptoms can also lead to other injuries or diseases to a fault bone cancer, it is strongly recommended that one should consult a physician if in doubt.When diagnosing bone cancer, a doctor must first complete some tests. According to a summary of tests and procedures by Medicine Net on line, a doctor go out first ask a bout a patients personal and family medical history in order to find out if there is any history of cancer in the family. Next, the doctor will order blood tests and x-rays. The exact size, shape, and location of a bone tumor can be seen through an x-ray. Then, a CAT scan (Computed Axial Tomography) will be completed to show whether the cancer has begun to spread to other parts of the body. A CAT scan will give detailed pictures of the cross plane section of the body.There are also similar tests like an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and an Angiogram (x-ray of the arteries), but a biopsy is the ultimate test that will make sure that cancer is present in the body. After the victim was told that she had bone cancer, she experienced a biopsy in Seattle, Washington. The Medicine Net on line explained that during a biopsy, doctors test a sample of the bone tumor and determine through a microscope whether or not the tumor is cancerous. The many different tests of bone cancer are very c ritical to the outcome of the disease. The tests are use for staging the bone cancer.For example, if a patient of bone cancer had a CAT scan, and it showed that the bone cancer was not spreading, the doctors could stage the patients cancer as controlled. There are three types of treatment for bone cancer surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The treatment preference depends upon the type, location, size, and extent of tumor along with a patients needs. Sometimes, a combination of the three treatments is used on a patient. Because cancer can recur in the authentic affected area, surgeons often remove the tumor, tissue, and some healthy bone surrounding the tumor.In some cases, especially in children, a metal device will be implanted in place of the bone that was removed by a surgeon. This metal device functions to save a limb and lengthen as the child grows. Another type of treatment is chemotherapy. The National Cancer Institute, which covers both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, states that chemotherapy uses several drugs such as Cyclophosphamide, Vinblastine, and vincristine to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is a very intense treatment that can be given by mouth or by injection into a muscle or blood vessel.Chemotherapy is so powerful that there has to be a treatment period followed by a recovery period, which is usually when one has fully recovered from the intense drugs used in chemotherapy. Recovery periods can vary with each person. The last treatment for bone cancer is radiotherapy. This type of treatment uses high-energy rays to damage cancer cells and assay them from growing. Radiotherapy can sometimes be used in place of surgery to remove the bone cancer. Another use for radiotherapy is to kill cancer cells remaining in the affected area after treatment. All treatments for bone cancer are very strong.The treatments are so strong that they kill not only cancer cells but also some healthy cells. The five bone cancers are a very small proportion of the 100 or more cancers known to man. However, the National Cancer Institute is developing and sponsoring clinical trials on bone cancer patients in many hospitals and cancer centers. The National Cancer Institute is trying to find new effective treatments and methods for bone cancer. The future for bone cancer patients is very promising. Doctors and scientists are hoping to discover the cure for cancer in the next ten years.

The Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Buying Behavior Essay Example for Free

The Effect of fame Endorsement on Consumer Buying port EssayThe crescendo of celebrities endorsing put ups has been steadily increasing over the past 20 years or so. Marketers overtly acknowledge the power of notoriety in influencing buyers grease ones palms finding. They gather in firm believe that uniform readiness or a favorable perspective towards a check is fabricated by the use of a glory. The crore of rupees spent per year on celebrity sec contracts show that celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan, Sharukh khan and Sachin Tendulkar play an important fictional character for the publicize industry. It is an established fact that celebrity endorsement force issue total unique features or special attri just nowes upon a result that it may hurl lacked oppositewise. In India from late 1970s and early 80s the new trend in advertising started. Brands started being endorsed by celebrities. Hindi film and TV stars as well as sportspersons were roped in to endorse p rominent markers. Advertisements featuring stars like Late Jalal Agha (Pan Parag), Tabassum (Prestige cookers), Sunil Gavaskar for Dinesh Suiting, Ravi Shastri and Vivian Richards (Vimal), Persis Khambhata and Kapil Dev (Palmolive Shaving cream) became earthly concern. Though marketers should remember that celebrities argon mere living beings like us and if they can highlight the benefits or advantages of a mark off they can also have some uncanny negative concern. Theory and practice suggests that the use of stars and their unleashing power in advertising generate a lot of publicity and attention from the public but the underline questions argon, do these stars really help a brand by increasing its gross sales? On the other hand, can they really have an Impact on the persons consumption pattern, thitherby changing his brand preference? How an advertizement featuring a celebrity can influence consumers buying decision and can create an association between a brand and a common man.To answer these questions, the article go forth examine the blood between celebrity endorsements and brands, and the extend to of celebrity endorsement on consumers buying behaviour as well as how consumer makes brand preferences. We give apply a wide range of accept principles of how consumers brand attitudes and preferences can be influenced, how buyers behavior can be influenced, how buyers behavior can be molded. We will use the principles of credibility of source and winningness, the assure-up hypothesis, the consumer decision-making specimen and the communication sit around to understand this phenomenon. Brand- A laymanperspectiveBrand is the proprietary visual, emotional, rational and cultural image that you can associate with a ac confederacy or the product. Few examples will bring home the meaning i.e. Amul utterly butterly delicious degree centigrade thanda matlab coca-cola Pepsi Yeh dil mange more Kurkure- Masti bole to kurkure and Daewoo ka India. Thes e examples convey one inwardness that when good deal watch advertisement a connect is being created and result is that concourse go for experience of buying. People feel by using the brand they will portray certain traits or characteristics that otherwise they do not have. This generates a certain level of emotional affiliation and a sense of fulfillment. It is this emotional relationship with brands that make them so powerful.Advertisements enforces what exactly the brand stands for and what to expect by its consumption and above all what factors, features and attributes makes it better from competition. Advertisements along with other marketing efforts generate expectations and feelings in a node and force them to think when they see or hear the brand name. This Thinking wait on and emotional bonding gets more mature and germane(predicate) when a celebrity endorses the brand. The subjective intangible feelings of a customer become objective and tangible in the form of celebr ity and the level of expectations will rise. The customer will start to perceive himself in the reference frame of the celebrity after the brand or the advertised product has been purchased or consumed by him.Celebrity and a BrandStar power in India can be gauged by the successful endorsements done by Sharukh Khan (Pepsi, Hyundai Santro, Sunfeast, and Navratan etc.), Amitabh Bachchan, Sachin Tendulkar, Rahul Dravid, Hrithik Roshan and the others. The inevitable question is, if and how the spanking interest of the public in the rich and famous can be efficiently and effectively used by companies to promote their brands and consequently to increase their sales revenues. This fact can be brought out by using certain examples i.e. Mr. Amitabh Bachchan promoting Cadbury chocolates after the fiasco of infestation when the image of Cadbury India went very low in the look of people. Soon the company found a perfect fit and a reliable celebrity to transmit the correct message and help reg enerating the woolly-headed send. The fit between the product and celebrityis evident as Mr. Bachchan and Cadbury chocolates both have tested troubled times and still they stand tall and the relish and trust they both share with the people all across India. This is a live example of how a celebrity brought certain attributes to a product like chocolate.Actor Sharukh khan has also endorsed diversified products. His endorsement basket is ranging from Hyundai Santro to Sunfeast biscuits on one hand and from Compaq computers to Videocon electronics on the other. According to Advertising research companies both the actors are doing well and the ad spent on both by the companies is increasing at a phenomenal rate, so does their basket of endorsements. These actors bring reliability and trust in the brand and above all, they help in increasing the sales revenues. Celebrity endorsements are powerful, has become evident from the above two examples but, why is it so? This power is offered by the following elements, which also creates a Top of the Mind Position.* Instant Awareness, knowledge about the brand and easy recall. * Values and image of the brand is defined, highlighted and refreshed by the celebrity. * The celebrity adds new edge and dimension to the brand.* Credibility, trust, association, aspiration and connectivity to brand. * Belief in efficiency and new appearance that will result in at least trial usage.Understanding Consumer BehaviourConsumer behaviour is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It blends elements from psychology, sociology, sociopsychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision-making process, both individually and in mathematical groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand peoples wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as f amily, friends, reference groups, and society in general. The study and knowledge of consumer behavior helps firms and organizations to improve their marketing strategies and product offerings. Following are the important issues that have significant influence on consumers psycheand their ability to take decisions The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives (e.g., brands, products) The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e.g., culture, family, signs, media) The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome How consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer and How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to m ore effectively reach the consumer. Their Age, Religion, Culture, Income, informal group and Referent Group. Understanding these issues helps us adapt our strategies by taking the consumer into understandation.Traditional Factors affecting consumer decision making in that location are several factors that affect consumers decision to purchase a brand and a product. These factors though at time are not very much visible but they make an impact and affects sales of a product or brand up to a great extent. The table below shows some of these factors.Impact of a Brand on consumer purchase decisionResearch studies have proven that known products and names are sold more than unknown ones. Therefore, a known brand or an optimally exposed brand will find more recognition and buyers in the market in comparison to completely unknown or unexposed brand. erudition of brand and its significance along with the traditional factors plays a very significant role in consumer decision-making proces s. More or less every consumer has a brand preference and given the affordability and societal norms, each buyer would like to buy and consume one of the highly acceptable, recognizable, and reputed brands.The above given model explains the important role that a brand plays in three different presents of consumers purchase decision making. A consumer start collecting data or information about his preferent brand than he keeps his favourite as one of the alternatives and he evaluate his selected brandagainst all available options and on finding it suitable or outperform among all options based upon a qualitative and quantitative evaluation he will last-ditchly purchase the selected or favourite brand.The diagram above explains how confused traditional factors along with brand preference interact during purchase decision process and finally results into a consumers final product choice or ultimate purchase.Celebrity and a brandSurveys suggest that compared to any other types of e ndorsers, famous people achieve a higher degree of attention and recall. They increase sentience of a companys advertising as well as help in retention of message in the psyche of the audience. They can also help the company in reducing their expenditure on Media and other forms of publicity. An example will bring more clarity, When S Kumars, a known textile brand entered into readymade garments melodic phrase they used Hrithik Roshan, then the hottest advertising icon for their launch advertising for TAMARIND, now one of the premium readymade brands. They reckoned that they have spent 40-50 percent less on media callable to sheer impact of using hottest star like Hrithik. The Ad recall was as high as 70 percent and the campaign can be termed as a great success.Celebrities also create positive feelings towards brands, connect user to brand and are perceived by consumers as more entertaining. using a celebrity in advertising or for any, other type of communication for brand build ing is likely to positively affect consumers brand preference, brand attitude, brand association and purchase intentions. To ensure positive results, however, it is critical for advertisers to have a clear understanding of consumers reactions and reinforcement of celebrity endorsement. The impact of celebrity endorsement on any brand as well as on consumers purchase decision is very critical.Source CredibilityCentral goal of advertising is the convert of consumers and persuasion to purchase, the ultimate objective, though not openly spoken, is to some how attract consumers to the market offering of the company, generating positive attitude, reinforce positive association and at last to generate sales,may be a trial purchase. At later stages, the sponsor may start towards creating a brand loyalty but generating initial sales or increasing the existing sales is the primary objective. In this respect, the credibility of an endorser along with advertisement plays an important role in convincing the target audience of the attractiveness of the companys brand and generates sales. Pursuing a celebrity endorsement strategy enables advertisers to project a credible image in damage of expertise, persuasiveness, trustworthiness, and objectiveness. To create effective messages, celebrity advertisers also have to consider the attractiveness of the spokesperson.Source attractiveness refers to the endorsers Physical appearance, Personality, Likeability and Similarity to the receiver, thus to the perceived social entertain of the source. This behavior mainly goes back to halo effect, whereby persons who perform well on one dimension example tangible attractiveness or top passkey performance, social status are assumed to excel on other levels as well i.e. happiness and coolness. This is evident from the use of Fardeen Khan, modern, dynamic, outgoing and happy personality for Provogue he translates the modernism of the brand well. Titan uses Aamir Khan in his different a vatars for communicating to the public that their watches are as reliable and passionate as Aamir is for films. twain Fardeen and Aamir carry the message well and enhance the credibility of the brand they endorse.Establishing a Perfect MatchResearch proves that a spokesperson especially for a help product or organization (ICICI- First Amitabh Bachchan, now Shahrukh Khan) interacts with the type of brand being advertised. These stars communicate the value of the product and transform an ordinary service into a miracle solution for all problems of an ordinary customer. According to Friedman and Friedman (1979), a famous relative to a normal spokesperson is more effective for products high in mental or social risk, involving such elements as good taste, self-image, and opinion of others. Several research studies have examined the congruency between celebrity endorsers and brands to explain the effectiveness of using famous persons to promote brands. In India, a brand called Reid Ta ylor presented its perfect example when they first launched their advertising campaign featuring James Bond fame of the time Mr. Pierce Brosnan along with the tagline hold fast WITH THE BEST but the JamesBond idea did not worked and the company was not happy with the results.After the debacle of the first campaign, company introduced a family ad where children are celebrating there parents silver wedding anniversary and they are out with their father to purchase a suit for him. Even this commercial did not work and it was taken off the air. As a last resort, company introduced Mr. Amitabh Bachchan as Reid Taylor man, a man propagating the brand for special occasion and for very special people in life. The commercial from the initial days got good response and did extremely well as people were able to connect with Mr. Bachchan and the values he was propagating. For the masses, there was a perfect match of an ideal Indian family man, a star and a good quality but bit highly priced b rand silent especially for special occasions and for very special people. Second example that can be quoted is of Vishwanathan Anand, who endorsed NIIT.NIIT adopted a very smart strategy by roping in Vishwanathan Anand an international chess wizard for their advertising campaign. As chess is considered to be a game full of strategies and a game for smart people and when one of the greats of the game is asking people to join NIIT it was suppose to have a positive influence on the people and actually it had. There was complete congruency and compatibility between the celebrity endorser, the product and the message. Contrary to only favorable outcomes, there are several examples where the product, even the entire campaign collapsed out-of-pocket to dull weight celebrity as the agency or the ad failed to establish the relationship between the endorser and the product. Keeping the focus only on success, where the product and the celebrity were a perfect match, following are few exampl es Celebrity subscriber Company / ProductAmitabh Bachchan * Dabur* Cadbury* Reid and Taylor* ParkerShahrukh Khan * Santro* Videocon* Sunfeast* PepsiJuhi Chawala * KurkureUstad Zakir Hussain * Taj mahal teaAamir Khan * Titan* Coke* Toyota InnovaAishwarya Rai * Nakshatra* LuxRani Mukherjee * Fanta* Nestle MunchKajol and Ajay Devgan * Whirlpool* Tata IndicomThe campaigns are not only basking with the glory of success stories, but there is considerable number of failures as well. Assuming that a person just have to be famous to represent a successful brand, however, would be incorrect and may turn out to be a very dangerous preposition resulting into a big calamity for the entire advertising campaign or the brand. Very well accepted and attractive super stars like Abhishek Bachchan and Amitabh Bachchan failed in turning their endorsements into success i.e. Maruti Versa similarly Virendra Sehwag also failed to deliver Reliance Telecommunication with the master stroke of his cricketing g enius.Among the possible reasons identified by several authors, including overexposure and identification, the match-up hypothesis specifically suggests that the effectiveness depends on the existence of a fit between the celebrity spokesperson and endorsed brand. Empirical work on the congruency of brand with the celebrity often has concentrated on the physical attractiveness of the endorser. Results show that an attractive spokespersons are more effective in terms of attitude change when prompting brands that enhance ones attractiveness i.e. cosmetics health drinks or fashion wear. Primary data states, for celebrity spokespersons to be truly effective, they should be knowledgeable, experienced, mature, and a bench mark in their respective field and qualified to talk about the product.Transferring the MeaningAfter watching an advertisement the consumers try to find the meaning of the advertisement and associate the same with the endorser and eventually transfer to the brand. To un derstand this phenomenon Mc Cracken (1989)suggested a comprehensive model known as Meaning Transfer Model. This three-stage model suggests how the meaning associated with the famous person moves from the endorser to the product or the brand. Thus, meanings attributed to the celebrity become associated with the brand in the consumers mind. Finally, in the consumption process, the customer acquires the brands meaning. The third stage of the model explicitly shows the importance of the consumers role in the process of endorsing brands with famous persons. In contrast to anonymous endorsers, celebrities add value to the image transfer process by offering meanings of extra depth and power, what is complemented by their life style and personalities.Therefore, to transfer the correct meaning to the consumer the company should select a celebrity that will produce the most favorable response for consumers and for the purpose the celebrity should have, the appropriate set of characteristics a nd the public should be able to visualize and comprehend the same. The company should consider the consumers needs while developing their communication strategy and selecting an appropriate celebrity to transmit the same, i.e. Kurkure used actress Juhi Chawala with the punch line Masti Bole To Kurkure and the actress on screen and off-screen personifies the masti and helps the brand in communicating the same easily.Compatibility of the celebritys persona with the overall brand image is very important, as a celebrity imparts credibility and inspirational value to a brand and his or her image should perfectly match the brands image. A good brand campaign idea and an intrinsic link between the celebrity and the message are must for a successful campaign. Certain elements that generate a perfect match or compatibility between the celebrity and brand image are* Celebritys fit with the brand image along with celebrity-target audience match.* Celebrity associated values and celebrity-produ ct match.* Costs of acquiring the celebrity and his or her popularity along with controversy risks associated with the celebrity. * Credibility, availability and physical attractiveness of celebrity. The above points can be put to perspective by using two examples, first Kapil Devs Palmolive da jawaab nahin and second Nakshatras brand recall due to its endorser, the gorgeous Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. Both brands have edged out and carved out their niche in consumers mind due to image and credibility of their endorsers.These were the cases of perfect match between the brand image and the image or persona of the celebrity endorser.ConclusionA brief assessment of the current market situation indicates, that celebrity endorsement advertising strategy can under the right circumstances indeed justify the high costs associated with this form of advertising. The use of celebrity for endorsements create a very favorable impact on the consumer and it creates a connect which forces a consumer to purchase a product. However, as several failures show, it is essential for advertisers to be awake(predicate) of the complex processes underlying celebrity endorsement. It has been proved from the discussion that celebrity endorsements are a powerful and useful tool that magnifies the effect of a campaign but the word of caution to be followed seriously celebrities alone do not guarantee success nor does a great advertising campaign or the opera hat possible product.It is the combination of several factors and elements that work together for the success of a brand and its acceptance in the minds of consumers as well as for its market offering. modern day consumers are well educated and smart, they know celebrities are being paid for these endorsements and this knowledge makes consumers rather more cynical about the product and celebrity endorsements. Majority of the consuming population also knows what is advertising and how it actually works and this knowledge of consumer makes the task of celebrity endorsement all the more difficult and thought-provoking for the advertising companies and the sponsors. Indian companies both advertising and product offering companies have top make an effort to overcome this ever-mounting challenge.References* Aaker, David A. (1996), Building Strong Brands. New York, NY The impoverished Press. * Daneshvary, Rennae and R. Keith Schwer (2000), The Association Endorsement and * Consumers Intention to Purchase, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17 (3), 203-213. * Friedman, Hershey H. and Linda Friedman (1979), Endorser Effectiveness by Product Type, Journal of Advertising Research, 19 (5), 63-71. * McCracken, Grant (1989), Who Is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process, Journal of Consumer Research, 16 (3), 310-321.

Case Study: Mathematics In Primary School

Case Study Mathematics In Primary SchoolDuring a childs early days it is vital to develop the cognitive and social skills that will financial backing them to try a foundation of friendship and a basic set of skills for skill, which raft be applied and developed byout the rest of their schooling and adult life. This begins with the parental and familial influence on the child and progresses through their Primary School eld and inter exertion with teachers and peers. Communication between parents, teacher and child are therefore of vital importance. Without these ingredients, a child may not arrive at their full potential.For the reasons note above it is necessary to ensure that the mathematical ability of young pupils is well established in the early years setting. A number of recommendations which have implications for pupils and proterozoic years practitioners are made in the Williams report and will be reviewed below.The impact of parental influence on the developing c hild is immeasurable. As much(prenominal) it is critical to ensure that the mathematical ability of, and education method used by parents is sufficient to understand and teach their child in a musical mode which is relevant to the current syllabus (parents mathematical skills may be weak or outdated). It is also important for parents to encourage positivity towards mathematics this is only mathematical if they are confident with mathematics themselves. Provision of architectural throws, such as Sure Start, Effective Provision of Pre-School Education and the work of Parent Support Advisors, aim to achieve this and should continue to receive funding to break the continuing cycle of negativity towards mathematics.It is the responsibility of the Early Years teacher, with specific regard to mathematics, toForm effective bonds with pupils to regard their learning (one of the key features of Early Years Foundation Stage).Treat the child as a unique individual and adapt didactics ac cordingly, creating an enabling environment for all pupils.Generate interest in the subject matter.Provide basic skills in the core mathematical operations. It is suggested that learning goals should be expanded to include eon and capacity. This seems a logical expansion of the core mathematical concepts and will allow for accelerated sense of the more difficult concepts.Challenge the pupil and generate onward motion of knowledge, thinking skills and learning methods. However, the child must not be overloaded.Assess progress or lack thereof (allowing generation of the childs Individual Education Plan), pass on discussion if necessary, supervise the interference and correctly assess and acknowledge progress.Involve parents in the childs learning process and take into account feedback, especially if the child needs spare support. This cigaret bring the childs ability in-line with peers and prevent the child from falling behind. This is also important in the converse scenario it is important to challenge a gifted pupil. Parents can be influential here.Assist in the generation of a positive attitude towards Mathematics for pupil and parent(s)/guardian(s).Ensure that the childs confidence is maintained and therefore oblige the childs appetite for new learning.Therefore it is vital that teachers develop an effective pedagogy. This process begins with the development of teaching strategies through Initial Teacher Training (ITT) and is enhanced through continuous professional development (CPD). The application of effective pedagogy includes focusing learning appropriately (with guidance from the syllabus), creating realistic yet challenging and tailored educational aims, implementing a well honed teaching technique to achieve educational aims, supported by sufficient subject knowledge. Provision of quality teaching shares a elongate relationship with the mean qualification level of all staff. Consequently it is suggested that the DCSF continues to increase the proportion of graduate practitioners in early years settings recognising the respective contributions of the Qualified Teacher. This provides nevertheless support for the direction of all staff toward CPD which should be tailored around childrens understanding of mathematical concepts and ways of learning.Effective Early Years mathematical pedagogy must support children in developing new skills, generating the ability to understand and analyse mathematical concepts, and eventually to evaluate and apply those concepts to b different solving tasks. The learning environment should make mathematics less stressful from an early age. With Early Years pupils in mind it is important to utilise play and daily routines to generate interest in numeracy and mathematical problem solving. Simple activities can carry a mathematical concept such as division by sharing, increase/subtraction in weighing activities, assessing shape etc. To continue the cycle, mathematical exercises must be fun to retain the childs interest and expand confidence. Involving peers in problem solving tasks expands social skills and provides partners for discussion whilst knowledge is improved.The show teacher and dispensement squad should prioritise and manage professional development opportunities to develop subject knowledge and pedagogy, through learning, coaching and mentoring initiatives for all staff members. It must be ensured that this is not detrimental to contact time. Williams review would encourage the inclusion of a mathematics piece in the CPD programme for head teachers themselves.The head teacher must manage resources in-line with the advice of the management team regarding finance available for manpower and learning aids. It is appropriate for the head teacher to appoint subject leaders who become subject specialists, capable of training and supporting other teachers. Ultimately the head teacher and management team are responsible for demonstrating and coaching good prac tice to their staff. The head teacher should encourage their staff to deliver the curriculum content to emphasis connections between unlike mathematical concepts.It is important to note that mathematical concepts and the analysis and evaluation of these concepts cannot occur in the absence of English language skills. Pupils and teacher must be booming with mathematical language. Problems with language can cause a cyclical reduction of confidence which generates a lack of motivation and ultimately lack of progress.If the child does run into a difficulty in either numeracy or literacy, some form of intervention should be utilised to raise the attainment level of the child. This can be one of three drifts of intervention based within the Primary National Strategy. The three vibrates are of increasing intensity and correlate largely with the group surface requiring intervention.The Every Child Counts programme is delivered during swan 3 intervention and targets year 2 pupils who are not expected to achieve expected levels of attainment by the end of Key Stage 1. Currently in its second year of development, for national application in 2010-11, Every Child Counts aims to develop a extremely effective numeracy intervention for young children with the greatest difficulties in mathematics (http//www.everychildachancetrust.org/counts/index.cfm). In support of this aim, Every Child Counts provides training and support for teachers. However, teachers must ensure that their CPD targets allow them to effectively deliver any intervention which they deem necessary for the pupils in their care. Understanding intervention, when it is necessary and its importance should be included within the content of ITT understanding of these factors in the early part of a teachers career allows them to apply the principles during delivery of high quality teaching tailored to each child on a daily basis (rather than as purely curative action).As noted earlier, the childs familial and social situation impact upon their education. As such, the Every Child Counts programme is developed in line with the Every Child a Chance Trust which aims to maximise the achievement of children from socially disadvantaged groups. However, it is important to note that wave 3 intervention delivered through the Every Child Counts scheme is targeted at the 5% lowest attaining pupils nationally, not the lowest 5% in each school. This finale has to be based upon time and resources, the availability of specialists to deliver the intervention and costs of the aforementioned it is impossible to provide intervention for all. Unfortunately this leaves a number of pupils without the support they need. As such it must be a long-term target to provide intervention for more children to prevent disadvantaging one over another.According to the Williams report, wave 1 intervention involves quality first teaching in a daily mathematics lesson. This suggests that quality teaching of mathematics is provided only when remedial action becomes necessary, perhaps this is due to a lack of confidence of the teacher with mathematics. Regardless of the specific reason for this assertion, it has implications for teachers and trainee teachers. ITT and CPD courses must also ensure that their mathematical ability, and confidence with mathematics, is high. Furthermore, it is suggested that a Mathematics specializer is employed to ensure delivery of high quality teaching in mathematics through support of teachers and assistance with intensive wave three interventions.Any intervention technique/programme has a number of essential components/considerations (i) assessment, (ii) timing, (iii) duration, (iv) withdrawal from regular schooling, (v) group size, (vi) the intervention leader, (vii) intervention resources and (viii) parents. It is critical to continually monitor the progress of all pupils (in comparison with peers and themselves) in order to accurately assess the need for interve ntion. The assessment phase should highlight goals for and the likely timing of the intervention based on attainment, without negative impact upon the childs confidence in their achievements or ability. Continual assessment through the programme will update the duration of the intervention (determined during assessment. It is suggested that implementation of Every Child Counts is appropriate in Year 2 is timely and practical and will appropriately limit the pressure on Year 1 teachers and pupils.The supportive and corrective intervention programme must not be detrimental to, the need for the pupil to continue learning in other subjects. The intervention must also prevent isolation from peers. Wave 2 intervention is often able to ensure that pupils are brought up-to-speed with the rest of the class whilst receiving the remedial action they require. With this in mind, it is also important to consider the group size used in any intervention. As noted by Dowkers review of the interroga tion conducted by Denvir and Brown (1986b), pupils are more relaxed and positive when taught in a group but can often be distracted by others. This has been reflected in the research phase of Every Child Counts. The head teacher and staff must collaborate on the choice to stream children to support the provision of teaching which stretches all pupils.It becomes more difficult to tailor the intervention activities to the unique needs of each child if they are provided in a group session. Progress assessments can also become difficult if the child hides during comprehension activities. It is therefore necessary to balance the benefits against the consequences of group based intervention.The intervention leader and resources needed must be selected according to the level of support required to sufficiently increase attainment delivery can be undertaken by the class teacher, teaching assistant, Mathematics Specialist (as suggested by Williams) or parents. Cost factors must also be consi dered, for example, it is more economical for a teaching assistant to deliver a group intervention than a highly qualified teacher or specialist to deliver one-to-one intervention. It is important to ensure that parents understand and are committed to the intervention and provide learning support at home.It is important for the head teacher to allocate time to assess progress of Year 2 pupils with teachers throughout the year allowing them to plan and manage the timetabling and allocation of/need for resources, including intervention resources.To summarise, best practice in teaching mathematics gives children an understanding and appreciation of mathematics. This requires and effective pedagogy which generates progression of knowledge and understanding. The teacher must be confident, inventive and possess excellent communication skills. ITT is central to developing these skills which should be supported by subject-specific Specialists and CPD programmes provided by the Head teacher. type teaching and Intervention and programmes such as Every Child Counts must be regarded as an investment in a childs abilities at an early pose to allow them to contribute positively to the economy in adult life. The head teacher and management team must consider the suggestion to employ and manage a Mathematics Specialist and recruit staff who can deliver effective teaching in collaboration with TAs and parents.Work referenced http//www.everychildachancetrust.org/counts/index.cfm accessed on 30 August 2010

Business Essays Motivation In Business

Business Essays motivation In Business pauperism In Business.IntroductionMotivation has been defined as the psychological process that falls behaviour purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995) an internal use up to satisfy an unsatisfied impoverishment (Higgins, 1994) and the will to achieve (Bedeian, 1993). In psychology, motivation refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and pains of behavior (Green, 1995). In simplistic terms, we can define motivation as the desire and willingness to do something and the inner force that helps individuals achieve their goals. Understanding what motivates employees and what can employers do to motivate their internal customers has been the focus of research by many researchers and the topic has gained special prominence in recent years. This is mainly because actuate employees can proffer a firm with a distinctive advantage and a comptetitive edge and by being to a greater extent productive they can help organisation din and survive. T here argon 2 schools of thought on motivational theories, the scientific school of thought and the behavioural school of thought.Scientific ModelThe basis of scientific focusing is considering employees as an input to the production of goods and services. The approach stresses on scientific selection, training and development of civiliseers instead of allowing them to choose their own tasks and training methods and its objective is to curb out work in accordance with scientifically devised procedures. One of the pioneers and inventor of scientific approach to management was Frederick Taylor.Frederic Taylor, (1856-1915) was the first to analyse valet de chambre behaviour scientifically with his machine model by making individuals into the equivalent of machine parts. He broke drink down the tasks to its smallest unit to figure out the best approach. After minute analysis of the commerce, workers were trained to do only those motions essential to the task. Taylor attempted to make a science for each element of work and restrict behavioural alternatives veneer worker and looked at interaction of kind-hearted characteristics, sociable environment, task, and physical environment, capacity, speed, durability and cost. The overall goal was to remove human variability. (Terpstra, 2005) Taylors machine model was a victor and did increase production and profitability because rational rules replaced trial and error and management became more formalized which eventually led to increased efficiency. But Taylors interposition of human beings like machines faced resistance from managers and workers who considered this way of working as dehumanization of work. One of the other features of Taylors work was stop-watch timing as the basis of observations and breaking the timings down into elements. This method besides faced stiff group resistance because no one likes to be so close monitored for each little part of the work he/she does.Despite its criticisms, Taylors methods had a great impact on work because he invented a new, efficient and more productive way to work that changed the clear constitution of the industry. Before scientific management, departments such as work study, personnel, maintenance and quality control did non exist. (Buford, 2000) The core elements of scientific management confront habitual and sop up only been modified and updated to suit the current scenario.Behavioural approachUnlike scientific approach behaviour approach places emphasis on what motivates battalion and seeks to identify and account for the specific influences that motivate people. Some of the distinguished theories of behavioural approach to motivation atomic number 18 discussed below.Maslow (1943) put forward the hierarchy of postulate system which saw human inescapably in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from lowest to the highest. He argued that lower level collect had to be satisfied onward the next higher level need and once one se t of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator.The five needs atomic number 18Physiological needs These are the most basic human needs which are important for sustenance like food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep etc. Maslow argued that unless physiological needs are satisfied to a degree, no other motivating itemor can work.Safety or Security needs These are needs to be free of physical danger and emotional harm like the fear of losing a job, property, food or shelter. It relates to security, protection and stability in the personal events of effortless life.Social Needs These are needs for love, affection and belongingness and social acceptance. People are social beings and try to satisfy their needs for acceptance and friendship.Esteem at once peoples social needs are satisfied, they look for regard (reputation). This need produces such satisfaction as power, prestige status and self confidence. It includes both internal esteem factors like self-respec t, autonomy, achievements and external esteem factors such as recognition and attention as tumefy as personal sense of competence. (Source).Self actualization This need is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. Its the need to grow and use abilities to the bounteousest potential. It includes growth and self-fulfillment by achieving ones potential to accomplish somethingLooking at Maslows hierarchy of needs triangle, as each needs are substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. (eg. esteem needs become dominant after social needs are satisfied).Also, when a need gets substantially satisfied, it stops to be motivating. The crux of Maslows opening is to focus on finding out the level of hierarchy the person is in and focusing on satisfying his/her needs and the needs above it. Maslows speculation of needs has been wider recognised and is being practiced by managers across the globe. The theorys ease of ground and intuitive logic makes it easy to impleme nt, but there is no empirical evidence to validate the theory and there is no metric to measure the triumph of the theory after being implemented. So, the quantitative impact of Maslows theories can non be accurately measured.Frederick Herzbergs (1959) famous quote says If you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do. Herzbergs motivational theory has a two component approach and is known as the two-factor theory. His theory suggests that things which prevent dissatisfaction are not the same as things which create satisfaction. (Herzberg, 1959) When people are dissatisfied (de-motivated) with their work it is usually because of discontent with environmental factors which he terms as Hygiene Factors. These hygienics factors include factors such as, security, status, relationship with subordinates, personal life, salary, work conditions, relationship with supervisor, company policy and administration (Bedeian, 2003). These are the factors whose front man in the orga nization is natural and does not lead to motivation, however its absence does lead to de-motivation. Hygiene factors include the work and the organizational environment. The second component of the theory involves factors whose absence causes no dissatisfaction but whose presence has huge motivational value. Herzberg terms these factors as Motivational factors which are factors such as growth prospects, career progression and advancement, responsibility, disputes, recognition and achievements. The theory concentrates around the fact that the opposite to satisfaction is not dissatisfaction and merely removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not necessarily makes the job satisfying. Herzberg stresses that both the approaches (hygiene and motivational) should be done simultaneously to be effective. Herzbergs theory, in a way, is a modification to Maslows hierarchy of needs.Some critics term Herzbergs theory as vague, but considering todays business world where job contex t and content are major issues, the theory if practiced effectively can give good results because it is based on superb motivational ideas.Diagramatic representation of Herzberg two-factor theory (Taken from Web 2)Vrooms forecast TheoryVrooms expectancy theory argues that motivation is based on values and article of beliefs of individuals and examines motives through the perception of what a person believes will happen. It is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to executing and make outance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). The theory states that individuals can be motivated if they believe that there is a haughty correlation between the efforts they put in and their performance and when that favourable performance leads to a reward. Consequently, the reward helps satisfy an important need and the desire to satisfy that need is strong enough to make the efforts worth wile. The theory states that the strength of an individuals motivation will depend on the exten t to which they expect the results of their efforts to contribute towards their personal needs or goals and posits that motivation is a result of a rational calculation(Vroom, 1964) The calculation is based on peoples beliefs (pointed above) about the probability that effort will lead to performance (expectancy), multiplied by the probability that performance will lead to reward (instrumentality), multiplied by the perceived value of the reward (valence) (Source) Vroom argues that the equality Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence can be used to predict whether a particular reward will motivate an individual or not.Vrooms theory can cod to any apply to any situation where someone does something because they expect a certain outcome. The theory is about the associations people make towards pass judgment outcomes and the contribution they feel they can make towards those outcomes (Bowen,1991) Critics have applauded the basics of Vrooms theory but questions have been r aised about the validity over the motivation equation as a product of expectancy, instrumentality and valence.Porter-Lawler Expectancy theoryPorter-Lawlers theory is much on the same lines as Vrooms and suggests that levels of motivation are based more on the value that individuals place on the reward.Actual performance in a job is primarily determined by the effort spent and is also affected by the persons ability to do the job and his perception of what the required task is. The theory states that performance is the responsible factor that leads to intrinsic as well as extrinsic rewards and these rewards, along with the equity of individual leads to satisfaction. Hence, satisfaction of the individual depends upon the fairness of the reward (Bowen 1991) Porter and Lawler point out that perceived inequality in this model plays a pivotal role in job satisfaction. The perception of equal or unequal reward may cause dissatisfaction which means that organizations have to continuously ke ep evaluating their reward system. The theory along with equity theory demonstrates the importance of avoiding discriminatory practices in the workplace and states that it is imperative for employees to give equal treatment to employees on the job.Elton Mayo with his behavioural experiments known as Hawthorne Experiments was among the first few to analyse the human aspects of motivation He conclusions were that motivation was a very mixed subject and was not only about pay, work condition and morale but also about psychological and social factors. He concluded that the need for recognition and a sense of belonging were very important motivational factors.Reinforcement based approach to motivationReinforcement was propounded by Skinner and this theory is based on motivation approaches are in some way similar to expectancy theory as both consider the process by which an individual chooses behaviour in a particular situation. It emphasises re-designing the external environment by maki ng positive changes to encourage motivation. Skinner states that work environment should be made suitable to the individuals and that punishments actually leads to frustration and de-motivation. This approach explains the role of rewards in greater detail as they cause the behaviour to change or remain the same. Expectancy theory focuses more on behaviour choices, and reinforcement theory focuses more on the consequences of those choices (Skinner, 1953)Other theories of behavioral motivation are Adams theory of fair play and Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y.Most of the behavioural theories seem to borrow a little from each other. Maslows theory concentrates on basic human needs, Herzbergs two factor theory brings out the distinction between motivation-demotivation. Because of its quantitative nature, Vrooms theory, is more suited to managers trying to gauge the effect of decisions on employees. Maslow describes which outcomes people are motivated by and Vroom describes wheth er they will act based upon their experience and expectations. (Harpaz,2004) Maslows theory can be too simple and rigid for todays environment. Porter-Lawler model brings out the perceived inequality and brings out the demerits of discriminatory practices which may be more suitable for more diversified workforce. All behavioral theories have their own significance and its up to the management to decide which theory to apply. Application of motivational theories is purely contextual and specific to a particular workforce. Workplace might merge two theories and apply some of the features of each. Because of its contextual nature, none of the theories are generic and better than the other.Comparison of Scientific and Behaviour approachThere is an underlying difference between the two approaches to motivation. Scientific approach assumes that work is inherently unpleasant to most people and the financial incentive is more important to them than other factors such as nature of job, role profile, work environment etc. While the behavioural approach to management emphasises the role of social processes in organisations and stresses on belongingness and the need to feel useful. It emphasises that these human needs motivate employees more than money. According to this view, people want to contribute to organisational effectiveness and want to make a genuine contribution towards its achiever. Scientific management is an effective technique for a capitalist system and a money economy where the companys sole objective is the improvement of efficiency and profitability. (Higgins, 2004). In todays workplace environment, where companys success is judged by various qualitative parameters and where employee motivation forms a significant input to organisations success, human approach to management is more suited.ConclusionsMotivation remains a contest for organizations today. With the changing environment, the solution to motivation problems are becoming even more complex. T his is due, in part, to the fact that what motivates employees changes regularly (Bowen Radhakrishna, 2001) Managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform and understand the process, theories, and fundamental components of motivation. Regardless of which theory is followed, interesting work and employee pay are important links to higher motivation. Options such as job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, monetary and non-monetary compensation should be considered. Research done by (Higgins, 2004) has come out with ten most motivating factors which are interesting work, good wages, full appreciation of work done, job security, good working conditions, promotions and growth in the organization, feeling of being in on things, personal loyalty to employees, tactful discipline, and harmonised help with personal problems. The key to motivating employees is to know what motivates them and designing a motivation program based on thos e needs.ReferencesBooks and Journal Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York Academic Press. Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Management (3rd ed.). New York Dryden Press. Bowen, B. E., Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). Job satisfaction of agricultural education faculty A constant phenomena. Journal of Agricultural Education, 32 (2). 16-22. Buford, J. A., Jr., Bedeian, A. G., Lindner, J. R. (2005). Management in Extension (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio Ohio State University Extension. Buford, J. A., Jr. (2000). Extension management in the information age. Journal of Extension, 28 (1). Dickson, W. J. (1973). Hawthorne experiments. In C. Heyel (ed.), The encyclopedia of management, 2nd ed. (pp. 298-302). New York Van Nostrand Reinhold. Harpaz, I. (2004). The importance of work goals an international perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 21. 75-93. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York John Wiley Sons. Higgins, J. M. (2004). The management challenge (2nd ed.). New York Macmillan. Kovach, K. A. (1997). What motivates employees? Workers and supervisors give different answers. Business Horizons, 30. 58-65. Kreitner, R. (2005). Management (6th ed.). Boston Houghton Mifflin Company. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, July 1943. 370-396. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York Free Press. Smith, G. P. (1994). Motivation. In W. Tracey (ed.), Human resources management and development handbook (2nd ed.). Terpstra, D. E. (2005). Theories of motivation borrowing the best. Personnel Journal, 58. 376.Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York Wiley .Web sites (Web 1) Motivation theorists and their theories (online) (cited 15 December) Available from http//www.accel-team.com/motivation/theory_01.html(Web 2) Motivation (online) (cited 16 December) Available from URL http//choo.fis. utoronto.ca/FIS/Courses/LIS1230/LIS1230sharma/motive1.htm

Land Use And Land Cover In Ethiopia Environmental Sciences Essay

Land Use And Land C everywhere In Ethiopia Environmental Sciences EssayThis research ordain center on state kinetics and effects on the state of inhering elections and processes of degradation in the low belt downs of Ethiopia. Many developing countries ar using their inborn resources at rates faster than the natural rate of replacement to sustain their rapid macrocosm growth to generate foreign exchange and to produce raw materials for industries. Millions of poor farmers destroy vast tracts of plant wreaks to make room for countrified activities that will provide sufficient food for their ho manipulationhold, community or country (Bartelmus, 1986 Drechsel et al., 2001 McNeill, 2006 Appiah et al., 2007).Agriculture, which dominates most of the African economies, has been the main focus of battleground of remove cultivation plans of governments. In line with this, a variety of let down policies and reforms generate been instituted in umpteen African countries in an effort to improve the performance of the out cutish sector, but not always with success. In most countries, traditional agricultural practices and low productivity still persist despite major reforms and large monetary investments to transform the sector. Where agricultural innovations have been introduced, curtly-term successes have often been followed by long- term environmental problems (Miay, 1976 Drechsel et al., 2001 Appiah et al., 2007).The most frequently occurring and rapidly accelerating problem related to agricultural activities is environmental degradation. In practice, most agricultural programs tend to place a heavy emphasis on change magnitude production and less on resource management and conservation. As a final result, the social and environmental implications of multitude and kingdom-use and bolt down stretch forth changes be overlooked until a serious physical deterioration occurs (Miay, 1976 Fischer, 1993 Davol, 1998 Makhanya, 2004 dour et al., 200 6).In Ethiopia, agriculture is the largest source of employment and foreign exchange it supports some 85% of the working force, produces about 50% of the gross domestic product and generates over 90% of the countrys export earnings. Because the sector is overwhelmingly dominated by subsistence endeavors prop degradation is widely prevalent (Dejene, 1990). This problem is pull ahead exacerbated by the heavy engrossment of universe and economic activities on climatically-favored high tear bailiwicks of the country. The high consume sweeps (defined as primers to a higher place 1,500 meters above sea level) constitute 40% of the summation world of the country, 66% of the total cultivated land, 90 % of its arable land and nearly 45% of the grazing land, and support about 80% of the livestock and 88% of human state. As a result, these areas happen to be the most vulnerable and degraded physiographic regions in the country (Bruene, 1990 Woldemariam, 1990 McCann, 1995). As a cons equence of cosmos growth and heavy economic activities, land suitable for cultivation is running short in such(prenominal) of the highland regions of the country.As a result, recent years have seen nation relocation to the low-lying areas where population size and densities are relatively low. However, this has brought about complex changes in the socio-cultural, economic and ecologic conditions in the Beles valley of Metekel, northwest Ethiopia (Abute, 2002), one of the areas to which population shifts have taken place. Yntiso (2003) and Abute (2002) document these changes by indicating how massive resettlements in the 1980s have impoverished the endemic population and created hostility among ethnic groups in Beles valley, Metekel. These studies, however, give much less emphasis to population dynamics and land use and land trail changes resulting from these changes. Assessing ongoing changes in population dynamics and land use and land parcel out in this region is vital con dition the fact that more development endeavors (for example, hydropower generation, irrigation, and mechanized agriculture) are being undertaken by the government. At three percent, this area besides has one of the fastest population growth rates in the country (CSA, 2008). The consequences of all this on natural resources degradation and management need further investigations.Review of Related LiteratureThis section reviews existing literature on population and environment interactions and the effects of these interactions. In doing so various perspectives on how population dynamics affects the environment are reviewed.Views on commonwealth kinetics and the EnvironmentThe con of the size, growth and characteristics of human population has a long history. Yet, there is no consensus pertaining to its consequential effects on the environment and the ways to solve the resultant problems (Jolly, 1994 Stock, 1995). Population experts offer four different perspectives (models) regar ding population dynamics, consequences and ways of overcoming its effects. These perspectives include the models of absolute economists, neo-classical economists, dependency and intermediate variables (Jolly, 1994 Stock, 1995 Kalipeni, 1996).Classical economists cope that high population growth results in environmental degradation. Their theory is grounded on the work of economist Thomas Robert Malthus (1873) who argued that population grows faster than food supply. Furthermore, he suggests that humans have to take actions to reduce fertility. Consequently he suggested abstention from sexual intercourse and chastity. If population growth is leftfield unchecked, he argued, natural checks such as famine, pestilence, and war will reduce population growth. Today, neo-Malthusian population experts bid Paul Ehrlich and Garrett Hardin (cited in Sherbinin et al., 2007) and others believe that Malthus prophecy is presently happening in Africa where the pace at which population is growin g is higher than the rate at which the economy is growing (Jolly, 1994 Stock, 1995 Muriithi, 1996 Panayotou, 2000 Drechsel et al., 2001 Perz et al., 2005). These experts suggest fertility reduction as the key to preventing environmental destruction and to improve living standards (Jolly, 199472 Sherbinin et al., 2007).Neo-classical economists, on the other hand, stress that inefficient market and inappropriate pricing policy as the causes of environmental degradation (Jolly, 1994 Sherbinin et al., 2007). In other words, inept government policies are responsible for this problem. Jolly (199466) and Panayotou (2000) suggest a course of actions like reducing subsidies that bring forward over exploitation of resources, make people to pay full costs of using common resources that make the market more efficient and effective as the best way to overcome this problem.The proponents of the dependency model, on the other hand, argue that uneven distribution and consumption of resources is mo re culpable than population size and growth. In this case equitable distribution and consumption of resources is the obvious solution to tackle the problem (Jolly, 1994 Stock, 1995 Kalipeni, 1996 Perz et al., 2005 Sherbinin et al., 2007). immediate causesProximate causesOther FactorsEnvironmental FactorsSoil quality, topography, etcBiophysical DriversFires, droughts, floods, etc kind EventsSocial disorder, sudden displacement, abrupt policy shifts, etcWood extractionFuel woodCharcoal ProductionInfrastructure ExpansionTransportMarketSettlementsPublic improvementPrivate CompanyAgricultural ExpansionPermanent CultivationShifting CultivationCattle RanchingColonizationDemographic factorsNatural increaseMigrationPopulationdensityPopulationdistributionCultural FactorsPublic attitudes and beliefsIndividual household behavior (uninterested about resources, rent-seeking)Policy and Institutional FactorsFormal Policies(economic development, credit)Policy climate(Mismanagement) airscrew rights Technological FactorsAgro Technical Change( Intensification)Agricultural production factorEconomic FactorsMarket growth CommercializationEconomic structureUrbanizationPrice increases, etcProximate and Underlying Causes of deforestation (Source Geist Lambin, 2002, figure 1, p. 3)Underlying CausesFigure 1.1 Conceptual framework of Proximate and Underlying Causes of land use and land remunerate changes (Source Geist Lambin, 2002, figure 1, p. 3)Theorists know as the proximate determinists argue that high population growth alone does not cause environmental degradation. They contend that population increase should be conjugate to other factors to result in environmental degradation. In other words, high population increase aggravates resource loss in conjunction with other factors like level of technology, consumption, institutions, poverty and policies (Jolly, 1994 Turner, Meyer and Skole, 1994 Barrow, 1995 Lambin et al., 2001Carr et al., 2005 Perz et al., 2005 Harte, 2007 Pabi, 2 007 Sherbinin et al., 2007).In sum, there is no transparent co-relation between population dynamics and environmental degradation. It is, however, very important to consider critically the family family relationship between environment and population and the resultant impact from demographic and non-demographic variables as indicated in the conceptual framework below (Figure 1.1).Causes of Land Use and Land pass over ChangesThis section reviews existing literature on causes of land use and land dissemble changes. In doing so, various empirical findings on causes of land use and land cover changes worldwide including Ethiopia are reviewed.Land use and land cover changes are the results of the interplay of numerous factors. The simple assumption that land use and land cover changes have been caused by few factors do not hold true. Rather, many interrelated complex factors best explain the processes of land use and land cover changes (Lambin et al., 2001 Lambin et al., 2003 Liver man et al., 2008). The aforementioned(prenominal) authors further contend that Identifying the causes of land-use change requires an understanding of how people make land-use decisions and how various factors interact in specific contexts to influence decision making on land use (Lambin et al., 2003216). Decision making processes in turn are affected by different factors prevailing at local, regional and inter study level.unlike researchers have put the reasons for land use and land cover changes in two broad categories as proximate (direct) and underlying (indirect or root causes) (Geist Lambin, 2002 Liverman et al., 2008). Lambin et al., (2003) further contend that proximate factors occur at local or household/farm level whereas underlying factors emanate from regional, country or even global level. As a consequence, proximate variables are context and region specific while the root causes on the other hand will be the result of complex political, economic and social conditions occurring at a distance. Farm level analysis allows to address proximate causes and to interpret them in reference to underlying causes (Mottet et al., 2006). Long, et al., (2007) mark industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and Chinas economic reforms as major factors of land use changes in Kunshan. Another workplace in Zimbabwe also recognized that insistence for agricultural land, create materials and fuel wood triggered land use and land cover changes (Mapedza et al., 2003). The study by Brink and Eva (2009) also reveals that there is a significant degree of land use /cover change in Sub-Saharan Africa. These changes have resulted due to manmade and natural drivers related to high rate of population increase, economic development and globalisation on one hand and natural hazards such as floods, landslides, drought and climate change on the other end of the spectrum (Brink and Eva, 2009).The study conducted in Afar, Ethiopia, set more than fifteen factors that cause land use and land cover changes (Tsegaye et al., 2010). The driving forces documented in the study include migration from nearby highlands triggered by drought, land tenure and government policy changes only to mention some (Tsegaye et al., 2010). Another study in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia reveals that population growth, decline in agricultural productivity, land tenure change and erratic rainfall have the major drivers of land use and land cover in the area (Garedew et al., 2009). The land use and land cover dynamics study in the northwestern Ethiopia suggests that population dynamics, exiting land tenure, institutional and socioeconomic conditions should be critically examined to put in place any land related policy (Zeleke Hurni, 2001).In sum, the factors that affect land use and land cover changes are complex and at duration interrelated. Thus, the study of land use and land cover changes demands a careful investigation into these complex and interrelated facto rs at local, national and global level as indicated in the conceptual framework above (Figure 1.1).Statement of the ProblemThe impact of population dynamics, especially the absolute increase in human numbers separately year due to natural increase and/or mobility, plays a crucial role in resource degradation. As population continues to expand in number, it exerts increase pressure on eco-system and natural resource stocks. One of the reasons for the shrinking size of land holdings as well as the degradation of forest, soil, and water resources in many areas of the developing world is the direct result of rapid population growth (Arnon, 1987 UNFPA, 1991 Drechsel et al., 2001 Etter et al., 2006 Pabi, 2007, Boone et al., 2007, Nguyen, 2008). Resources have to be created to meet the changing and rising demands of the people. The larger the number of people, the great the density and the more will be the pressure on resources (Onwuka, 2006). Various studies indicate that there is a mar ked resource loss because of population pressure in Sub-Saharan Africa (Drechsel et al., 2001), Eastern Madagascar (Kull, 1998), China (Long et al., 2006) and Dominican Republic (Sambrook et al., 1999). Turner et al. (1994) also contend that land cover change stemming from human land uses represents a major source and a major element of global environmental change. The same authors underscore that human actions are altering the terrestrial environment at unprecedented rates, magnitudes, and spatial scales (1994).In Ethiopia, too, fast population growth and uneven spatial distribution of population have been affecting resource use, leading to its dilatory deterioration. Rapid population growth (currently exceeding 2.6 % per annum) is resulting in increased demands for additional arable land which is surely not adequately available (Mamo, 1990 CSA, 2008, Teferra, 2009). As Mamo and Teferra (1990, 2009) argue population growth leads further to unnecessary natural resource exploitation such as forest clearing twain for farming and settlement purposes, short fallow periods, and land fragmentation which has a direct adverse effect on agricultural output.Most of the population of Ethiopia is settled on the highlands, with the northern and of import highlands being the oldest settled regions of the country. These regions are the most exploited and environmentally degraded areas in the entire country. Due to the shortage of arable land, land is continuously utilize year after year, thus giving diminishing yields (Kebede and Jacob, 1988 Assefa and Zegeye, 2003). This condition, coupled with the occurrence of recurrent drought and famine, has forced people from the northern and central highlands to move to the southern, south and northwestern parts of the country for resettlement in both planned and spontaneous ways. These resettlements have resulted in population increase and consequent environmental and of natural resources depletion or degradation (Assefa and Zeg eye, 2003 Paterson, 2007).Resulting from the north-south move, a noticeable population change has gradually prevailed in the Metekel region, leading to increased pressure on existing resources. According to Yntiso (2003), resettlement has caused rapid changes in both the distribution and types of land cover and land-use in Metekel zone. Due to increased population resulting from the resettlement program, vegetation cover has been cleared and replaced by crop lands, the length of fallow period has been reduced and, more importantly, land degradation, deforestation and cultivation of marginal lands have become the order of the day (Dejene, 1990 Mamo, 1994 Yntiso, 2003). Furthermore, the livelihoods of the indigenous people (hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation and fishing) have substantially decreased due to significant land use and land cover changes (Abute, 2002 Yntiso, 2003).Recent studies have also revealed that due to improvements in socio-economic conditions (for example, ne w construction of an all-weather road and government-led development programs), population size has increased in the northwest lowlands of Metekel. Land-use patterns have shown changes in this area as well. Migration from highland to lowland areas, voluntary as well as involuntary, has caused changes in the socioeconomic relations between migrants and the indigenous people by increasing conflict between them (Pender, 2001 Taddese, 2001 Yntiso, 2003 Patterson, 2007).Over the past several years, a number of studies related to resource degradation have been carried out in many places of the Ethiopian highlands. However, similar studies related to population dynamics and land use and land cover changes in lowland areas are either scanty or non-existent. The above discussions testify that there is a significant land use and land cover changes in the study area since the 1980s. An assessment of the processes and factors leading to population dynamics and the resultant land use and land co ver change becomes indispensable and timely to promote sustainable economic, social and ecological development in the study area in particular and the country in general. Such a study would also serve as a basis to influence development interventions and policy discussions related to population changes and natural resources degradation and management.Objectives of the StudyThe main objective of this thesis research is to wonder the impact that demographic and non-demographic variables have on land use and land cover and their effects on population and natural resources in Mandura district, northwest lowland of Ethiopia. The study also intends to suggest slick policy option(s) to address the consequential problems in the study area. The study would include the following specific objectivesTo analyze the extent and patterns of population dynamics since the 1950sTo investigate land use and land cover changes since the 1950s in the study areaTo examine the perception of people on tren ds and drivers of land use /cover changes and population dynamics in the study areaTo investigate the effects of policy changes on land use and land cover changes and population DynamicsTo analyze livelihood changes since the 1950s in the study area.Research QuestionsBased on the stated objectives above, the principal research questions of this study, therefore,are how have demographic and non-demographic factors intensify land use and land coverchanges in Mandura district since the 1950s? What are the effects of such changes on thepopulation and the natural resources of the study area? Other sub-research questions willincludeWhat demographic changes had been taken place since the 1950s?What are the extents of land use and land cover changes since the 1950s?What are the major drivers of land use and land cover changes?How do major actors at different levels perceive the changes in land use land cover and population?How have government policies (during the three regimes) intensifie d land use and land cover changes population dynamics?How have land use and land cover and population dynamics contributed to livelihood changes since the 1950s?Development Relevance for Ethiopia/AfricaIn the recent past, planned and spontaneous population relocation has taken place in theEthiopian lowlands where population size and densities are relatively low, including the study area of this research. Such relocations have undoubtedly brought about complex changes in the local economic, socio-cultural and ecological conditions. These complex changes in the study area have motivated me to undertake this research. The study will contribute to the development efforts in Ethiopia in particular and in Africa in general on the ground thatMany African countries are experiencing rapid and accelerating population growth which has induced adverse effects on the environment. This study will thoroughly assess the degree and extent of population-induced adverse environmental changes and will attempts to provide possible solutions to address the problem.Future development endeavourers in Ethiopia are shifting from the highlands to the lowlands where there exists low population pressure and ample agricultural land. This study will generate relevant learning that will contributes to the development plans of the country.The lowland areas of Ethiopia are the least studied parts as compared to highlands. The knowledge gained from this study could serve as a guide for future research/development activities. methodologyDescription of the Study AreaThe study will be conducted in Mandura district, Metekel zone of Benshangul-Gumuz Regional state. Mandura is situated between 100.50.743 N and 110.10.766 N and 360.02.48E and 360.32.42E longitude, about 546 kilometers past from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. The total area of the district is about 1,045 square kilometer. Physiologically it is part of the northwestern lowlands where many development endeavors are currently ta king place. The study will be undertaken in the district where the land use and land cover change is significantly high (Figure 1. 2).According to the third Ethiopian national census, Metekel Zone has a total population of 235, 638 of which Mandura district constituted 15.52 % (36,568 people) (CSA, 2008). Climatically the study area is characterized by the following features. It receives rainfall from March to September. The mean yearbook maximum and minimum temperatures are 320C and 160C respectively (Kebede, 2006).With regard to some bio-physical study, the study area has different types of woodlands and the soil is broadly classified as vertisols (black clay soils), Nitisols (red or reddish brown laterite soils) and intermediate soils of a blackish brown (Kebede, 2006).Data Collection and AnalysisThe triangulation mixed method specifically the concurrent triangulation approach is selected as research design. The concurrent mixed approach is a kind of research design where quant itative and qualitative selective information are gathered at the same time (Creswell, 2003 Gay et al., 2009). Creswell (2003)) and Gay et al., (2009) further contend that this method is used by the researcher in an attempt to substantiate, cross-validate, or confirm findings within a single study. The rationale behind selecting this approach is the research under consideration (population-environment interaction and identifying factors driving land use and land cover changes) is complex and unavoidably to be examined from various angles. In addition, it demands the employment of diverse data collection instruments to capture as many factors as possible that explain land use and land cover changes in the study area. Furthermore, this strategy enables the researcher to collect data in a short time period (Creswell, 2003 Gay et al., 2009). To this end, both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected simultaneously using questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, intensive personal interviews, and field observations. Details are given belowData for this study will be obtained through questionnaire survey, interpreting remotely sensed images, and aerial photograph interpretation to generate information on land use and land cover changes over time in the study area. Other researchers have used similar proficiencys (Tegene, 2002 Makhanya, 2004 Appiah et al., 2007 Rain et al., 2007 Sherbinin et al., 2007 Ningal et al., 2008 Salehi et al., 2008, Garedew et al., 2009). as well as data pertaining to population dynamics, livelihood changes over time, causes and consequences of land use and land cover changes will be obtained using questionnaire survey, intensive interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations. Inherently, a study of resource- population interactions and land use and land cover changes need the employment of diverse methods so as to find out the many factors that involve in land use and land cover changes (Ewel, 2001 Tegene, 2002 Bewket, 2003 McCusker, 2004 Campbell et al., 2005 Long et al., 2006).Published and unpublished documents produced by governmental and non-governmental organizations will provide secondary data at different jurisdictional levels. For instance, the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), various regional state documents and FAO/UNDP provide information on land resources and land-use patterns.The SPSS software will be used for statistical analysis. Below are details of data collection and methods of analysis for each objective of the research.Objective 1 Analysis of population dynamics over timeData related to population dynamics are obtained from publications generated by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA). These publications provide information on population size, growth, density, migration and urbanization over time at zonal and district levels. The national census results of the 1984, 1996 and 2007 are relevant in this regard. In depth interviews and focus group discussions will suppl ement this information.Three study sites will be selected for this investigation. The sites selection is based on the degree of human interference assessed in hurt of high degree of land use and land cover changes in comparison with other sites in the region. A Stratified random sampling technique will be used to select households for the survey. The selection involves two steps First, households will be categorized into two strata indigenous households and migrant or settler households. Second, household heads to be interviewed will be willy-nilly selected from each stratum.A total of 210 households (70 from each study sites 35 for each stratum) will be randomly selected and surveyed using structured and pre-tested questionnaire. A sample size of 35 is believed to be adequate for analysis because with a sample size of 30 or more observations, it is possible to have estimates of accuracy from the mean (Clark and Hosking, 1986 Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2000). Simple frequency and contingency tables will be used to analyze the data. A group containing 8-10 elderly people with deep knowledge of the study sites will be selected for an in-depth interview and focus group discussions. Qualitative data will be canvas following procedures given below. First the data collected will be describe and classified. Then the data will be connected with each other depending upon their similarities and differences. Classification is concerned with identifying coherent classes and connection on the other hand involves the appellative and understanding of the relationships and association between different classes (Kitchin Tate, 2000235).Objective 2 Land use and land cover changesLand use and land cover changes will be assessed by analyzing aerial photographs of different time periods (1950s and 1980s) using ArcGIS. Field visits will be carried out to reinforce the accuracy of the interpretation. Remotely sensed images will also be used to assess the current land use and la nd cover changes. Questionnaire surveys, in depth interview and focus group discussions will be arranged to generate additional information and to strengthen data generated from aerial photographs and remotely sensed images.To properly understand land use and land cover dynamics, identification of independent (explanatory) and dependent variable is crucial. Accordingly, the independent (explanatory) variables will be population dynamics expressed as change in population size, growth rates, density, migration and settlement expansion. Additionally, government policies, existence of an all-weather road famine and drought will also be used as non-demographic explanatory variables. On the other hand, changes in proportion of cultivated land, changes in forest cover (bamboo and thickets), grasslands, and expansions of arable land will be dependent variables used to analyze land use and land cover dynamics. The data will be analyzed using simple frequency tables, cross tabulation and corr elation coefficient to see whether or not there exists a relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Multivariate regression analysis is chosen (a) to determine the existence of significant relationships between demographic and non demographic factors and land use and land cover changes and (b) to assess the possibility of obtaining predictions from the equation. In addition, the identified variables mean are compared using the cross tabulation method. Correlation coefficients will be industrious to figure out the existence of a relationship between demographic and non-demographic variables and land use and land cover changes. Multivariate analysis by way of discriminate analysis will be employed to ascertain the key factors determining land use and land cover changes in the study area. Focus group discussion, mapping, Semi-structured interview and other participatory methods will be employed to ascertain information gained from aerial photograph interpretation. T hese methods can give deep understanding about the timing and causes of land use and land cover changes than aerial photo analysis alone (Mapedza et al., 2003).Objective 3 Investigating perception of people on trends and drivers of land use /cover changes and population dynamicsThis objective attempts to figure out peoples perception of the possible causes of land use and land cover changes. This can be attained by generating information through questionnaire surveys, in depth interviews and focus group discussions with, indigenous people, migrants, local experts and policy makers at different jurisdictional levels. The data will be analyzed using simple frequency tables, cross tabulation and correlation coefficient to find out if differences exist between the views of different actors on land use and land cover changes and population dynamics. Qualitative data will be analyzed following procedures given below. First the data collected will be described and classified. Then the data will be connected with each other depending upon their similarities and differences. Classification is concerned with identifying coherent classes and connection on the other hand involves the identification and understanding of the relationships and association between different classes (Kitchin Tate, 2000235).Objective 4 Investigating effects of policy changes on land use and land cover and population dynamicsOne of the issues this study will try to investigate is effects of go

The Theme of Religion in Angela’s Ashes Essay -- Angelas Ashes Irish

The Theme of Religion in Angelas AshesThroughout the novel, worship is presented as universe of extremeimportance in Irish society, influencing the beliefs and actions ofthe characters. I will contract to highlight the several factors whichI believe make up the presentation of religion in Angelas Ashes. From the root word of the book, religion is said to make up a largepart of the unhappy childhood plainspoken suffered. The following quoteshows the extent of Franks sentimentsWorse than the ordinary humiliated childhood, is the miserable Irishchildhood, and worse yet is the miserable Irish Catholic childhoodThe quote above portrays the crescendo of forbid emotion, describingthe worse possible scenario of a childhood, adding last Catholicto signify the most terrible part of the childhood Frank suffered.This indicates that religion played an important lineament in a personslife and in the society presented by the book. A persons life wasstructured to follow the ideals of their religion. From the olfactory property ofthe quote however, I am lead to believe that according to Frank, cosmosa Catholic lead to suffering in life and that therefore, religion direct lives. What is shown later in the book is that the miserableness Frankrefers to is not only poverty and living standards, but the Catholicway of life, restricting freedom and fortune in life.Regardless of the fact that religion could be blamed for an array ofproblems in the lives of the characters, Catholicism is presented asan extremely important part of life in Ireland. Many, such as Franksgrandmother, consider it to be an institution with all answers tolife an institution that needs to be followed in order to give agreater good i... ...often besides easy to sin in the Catholic religion, and that almost anything aperson did, even impure thoughts, could be considered sins. Frankmakes a comment about being an official sinner after his FirstCommunion, indicating that he considers sinning to be a natural partof life, and that being an official sinner allows him to confess,and therefore do good forgiveness from the Church.Religion has been presented through threats made to force people intodoing something often against their will. It has been presented asinspiring fear in people and therefore directing their lives. Overall, numerous characters, including Frank, have shown only a superficial beliefin Catholicism, although through the fear they have they live theirlives in accordance with the church, yet often defying its rudimentaryprinciples, such as sex before marriage, theft and adultery. The Theme of Religion in Angelas Ashes Essay -- Angelas Ashes Irish The Theme of Religion in Angelas AshesThroughout the novel, religion is presented as being of extremeimportance in Irish society, influencing the beliefs and actions ofthe characters. I will attempt to highlight the several factors whichI believe make up the presentation of religion in Angelas Ashes. From the beginning of the book, religion is said to make up a largepart of the unhappy childhood Frank suffered. The following quoteshows the extent of Franks sentimentsWorse than the ordinary miserable childhood, is the miserable Irishchildhood, and worse yet is the miserable Irish Catholic childhoodThe quote above portrays the crescendo of negative emotion, describingthe worse possible scenario of a childhood, adding finally Catholicto signify the most terrible part of the childhood Frank suffered.This indicates that religion played an important role in a personslife and in the society presented by the book. A persons life wasstructured to follow the ideals of their religion. From the tone ofthe quote however, I am led to believe that according to Frank, beinga Catholic lead to suffering in life and that therefore, religionguided lives. What is shown later in the book is that the misery Frankrefers to is not only poverty and living standards, but the Catholicway of life, restricting f reedom and opportunity in life.Regardless of the fact that religion could be blamed for an array ofproblems in the lives of the characters, Catholicism is presented asan extremely important part of life in Ireland. Many, such as Franksgrandmother, consider it to be an institution with all answers tolife an institution that needs to be followed in order to achieve agreater good i... ...oftentoo easy to sin in the Catholic religion, and that almost anything aperson did, even impure thoughts, could be considered sins. Frankmakes a comment about being an official sinner after his FirstCommunion, indicating that he considers sinning to be a natural partof life, and that being an official sinner allows him to confess,and therefore gain forgiveness from the Church.Religion has been presented through threats made to force people intodoing something often against their will. It has been presented asinspiring fear in people and therefore directing their lives. Overall,many characters, includ ing Frank, have shown only a superficial beliefin Catholicism, although through the fear they have they live theirlives in accordance with the church, yet often defying its basicprinciples, such as sex before marriage, theft and adultery.

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