Free Essays on Chemotherapy The Real Killer

Chemotherapy: The Real Killer It’s like a delayed bomb, gradually ticking endlessly as unavoidable passing moves nearer. Inevitably, your body can't continue life and you take your final gasp. Individuals you have confided in deceived you and your family, selling out with no confirmation of deficiency. Toxic substances travel through your circulatory system, ruining to your safe framework. Consistently more than 500,000 thousand individuals experience a circumstance like the above while being â€Å"treated† with chemotherapy drugs. To offer chemotherapy as a real reasonable answer for any type of malignant growth is evidently a destructive choice with respect to the specialist, and a grave mix-up for the patient. Totally destroying your safe isn't the methodology one should utilize while battling with a sickness or infection. It essentially doesn't bode well. Understanding why precisely chemotherapy is such a danger to a patients wellbeing, we should comprehend what precisely malignant growth is and how it functions. In the event that you take a gander at malignancy rationally, you'll understand that disease is corrupt conduct at the degree of cell life. Shameless Behavior in all social orders has consistently incorporated the idea of sexual indiscrimination. Wantonness alludes to unlimited sexual movement sex frequently and with anybody close by. (How Chemotherapy Works) Just as one human can take part in sexual indiscrimination, so can one cell. At the point when cells do this they begin imitating at an extreme rate. (How Chemotherapy Works) These explicitly unbridled cells start multiplication cycle that breads malignant growth. This is the meaning of malignant growth †unusual cell development. Generally it is cell development that is more fast than ordinary, however there can be different variations from the norm. (How chemotherapy functions) The whole procedure of chemotherapy treatment, the reactions and repercussions is a since quite a while ago turned passage based on untruths and defilement. We will set out on this excursion, as I will audit clinical diaries, understanding diaries and individual encounters, to reveal reality with regards to the ong... Free Essays on Chemotherapy The Real Killer Free Essays on Chemotherapy The Real Killer Chemotherapy: The Real Killer It’s like a delayed bomb, gradually ticking endlessly as unavoidable demise moves nearer. In the long run, your body can't continue life and you take your final gasp. Individuals you have confided in misled you and your family, treachery with no affirmation of shortcoming. Toxic substances travel through your circulation system, devastating to your resistant framework. Consistently more than 500,000 thousand individuals experience a circumstance like the above while being â€Å"treated† with chemotherapy drugs. To offer chemotherapy as a genuine practical answer for any type of disease is certainly a destructive choice with respect to the specialist, and a grave misstep for the patient. Totally annihilating your safe isn't the methodology one should utilize while battling with an infection or infection. It essentially doesn't bode well. Understanding why precisely chemotherapy is such a danger to a patients wellbeing, we should comprehend what precisely malignant growth is and how it functions. In the event that you take a gander at malignant growth rationally, you'll understand that disease is shameless conduct at the degree of cell life. Indecent Behavior in all social orders has consistently incorporated the idea of sexual indiscrimination. Indiscrimination alludes to unlimited sexual action sex frequently and with anybody within reach. (How Chemotherapy Works) Just as one human can take part in sexual wantonness, so can one cell. At the point when cells do this they begin recreating at an unnecessary rate. (How Chemotherapy Works) These explicitly indiscriminate cells start multiplication cycle that breads disease. This is the meaning of disease †strange cell development. Generally it is cell development that is more fast than typical, however there can be different variations from the norm. (How chemotherapy functions) The whole procedure of chemotherapy treatment, the reactions and consequence is a since quite a while ago curved passage based on falsehoods and defilement. We will set out on this excursion, as I will survey clinical diaries, tolerant diaries and individual encounters, to reveal reality with regards to the ong...

Views On Living In Orphanage Health And Social Care Essay

Philosophy of research composes all the constituents of the study in a way that is well on the way to take legitimate answers to the aircraft employments that have been presented ( Burns and Grove, 2002 ) .It alludes to arranged sensible stairss that are all things considered received by the examination laborer in breaking down the exploration work. This part presents the examination plan, puting, populace, test size and inspecting method, attempting gauges, devices utilized, working of the apparatuses, cogency, steadfastness, pilot overview and informations total embraced for the survey.RESEARCH APPROACHThe look into assault is a general program picked to ship out the study. The decision of research assault is the essential procedure for the conduct of research enquiry. For the current study, a graphic near examination assault was viewed as generally proper as the expectation of the review was to determine a dread of the prosperity with kids ‘s positions on life in orphanhood and to analyze the prosperity and position ‘s on life in orphanhood of both parental and unparented kidsSetting OF THE STUDYâ€Å" Puting † alludes to the nation where the study is directed. Two orphanhoods home were chosen for the review. One orphanhood place is at Thondamuthoor which of comprises of only female children who are staying in domentry. The physical establishments in that foundation are with eating corridor, kitchen, little dramatization land and church to venerate. There are two wellbeing experts to take care of those children. They are holding tution, recreation clasp and petition cut. Each twelvemonth request cantonment is led on the long stretch of May. Another orphanhood is at Podanur which comprises of both male and female children who are staying in isolated. The physical establishments like show land library and preoccupation suites. They praise each celebration in the orphanhood.PopulationThe populace under the review was the children from 8 years to 16 years staying in orphanhood place.SAMPLE SIZESample alludes to a subset of populace that is chosen to partake in an exceptional overview ( Burns and Grove 2002 ) . In this overview test size comprised of 160 ; Out of 160 example 80 example was chosen for parental gathering in which kids with guardians and 80 example was chosen for parentless gathering in which kids without guardians. In Thoondamuthoor halfway house the example chose were 100 in that 30 parental and 30 parentless children and in Podanur shelter the example chose were 100 of which 60 were female 30 were goes under parental and 30 goes under unparented children and of 40 guys 20 was parental and 20 was unparented k ids.Sampling TechniqueThe test was chosen by straightforward irregular difficult procedure under possibility examining. In this straightforward arbitrary procedure, a lottery technique was utilized. A rundown of names were composed and bunch was arranged independently for parental and unparented children. At that point the examples were chosen indiscriminately.Sampling StandardsInclusion guidelines Offspring of both the sex Childs who are the tenants of orphanhood Kids with age between 8-16 mature ages. Rejection measures Kid with intellectually retardedDescription OF THE TOOLThe instrument utilized in this overview was a meeting plan and self image directed polls. The meeting plan is utilized to gauge the segment informations and positions on life in orphanhood. The personality controlled surveys were utilized to gauge the prosperity of the children which comprises of four measurements, for example, mental, instructive, cultural and future.PART †IPart †I was intended to move up segment informations of the parental and unparented children. Segment data for parental children ( age, sex, guidance of children, duration of remain in orphanhood, family unit individuals set up, business of male parent and female parent, month to month pay of male parent and female parent, visit by family individuals and how as often as possible visit by family unit individuals voyaging spot and how much of the time voyaging place, going out with guardians and how regularly go out with guardians ) Segment informations for parentless children ( age, sex, guidance of children, duration of remain in orphanhood, have any relations, visit by relations and how much of the time visit by relations, heading out to family members topographic point, anyone taking out and how every now and again taking out ) .PART †TwoThis bit was intended to gauge the situations on life in orphanhood. It is a three point graduated table which has grouped aspects including physical, mental, cultural, enthusiastic, and strict. In this three point graduated table every aspect comprises of 4-8 focuses used to rate the reactions in three evaluations of Highly fulfilled †3, Satisfied †2, and Not fulfilled †1. What's more, a different five point graduated table to gauge the general situation of life in orphanhood. It comprises of just one point was utilized to rate the reactions under the class of extremely upbeat †5, glad †4, ca n't state †3, miserable †2, truly and trou bled †1.PART †ThreeThis bit was intended to gauge prosperity. It is a conscience controlled surveys for prosperity which has four measurements including mental, instructive, cultural and future. In this scale each measurement comprises 5 †9 requests used to rate the reactions. A large portion of the clasp †3 A portion of the clasp †2 None of the clasp - 1Marking AND INTERPRETATION OF MarkingWellbeing Assessment Scale: It comprises of four measurements, for example, mental, instructive, cultural and future. The negative focuses are scored reversely.S.NoDimensionMarking AND ScalingLow WellbeingAverage WellbeingHigh Wellbeing1. Mental 1 †9 10 †18 19 †27 2. Training 1 †9 10 †18 19 †27 3. Social 1 †6 7 †12 13 †18 4. Future 1 †5 6 †10 11 †15 5. By and large 1 †29 30 †58 59 †87Positions ON Life IN ORPHANAGE TOOLThe device comprises of three point graduated table and five point graduated table. In three point graduated table it comprises of five factors, for example, physical, mental, cultural, passionate and religious.S.NoPositionsHIGHLY SATISFIEDSATISFIEDNOT SATISFIED1. Physical Need 15 †21 8 †14 1 †7 2. Mental Need 9 †12 5 †8 1 - 4 3. Social Need 17 †24 9 - 16 1 †8 4. Passionate Need 15 - 21 8 - 14 1 †7 5. Strict Need 9 †12 5 †8 1 †4 General sentiment of life in orphanhood Five Point ScaleScaling MarkVery Happy 5 Cheerful 4 Ca n't Say 3 Miserable 2 Exceptionally Unhappy 1DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOLThe advancement of the device took three months of difficult endeavor for the undermentioned exercises. The instrument was created dependent on the points of the study, Review of writing sing child rearing, developing and advancement and prosperity of children and with the master ‘s cognitionVALIDITY OF THE RESEARCH TOOLThe investigate device including the point of the overview alongside the gauges check list were submitted to five specialists †four Nursing specialists, and Psychologist. The four nursing specialists were Professors with Master Degree in Nursing and working in various universities of nursing in Coimbatore with in excess of 5 mature ages of understanding. The clinician is the scholastic educator, DJ Academy for Managerial Excellence.RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH TOOLThe trustworthiness of the prosperity appraisal graduated table and meeting plan was tried by preliminary retest technique. The preliminary was directe d to 16 children populating in orphanhood. Relationship co-proficient was determined by Karl Pearson ‘s technique. The got ‘r ‘ esteem was 0.82 for by and large prosperity examination graduated table and 0.9 for Interview motivation of positions on life orphanhood, which affirmed that there was high positive correlativity and inward consistence of the tool.PILOT STUDYA pilot study was led in an orphanhood at Pottanampudoor so as to demonstrate the practicableness and practicality of the device. A conventional consent was acquired from the Managerial Officer. 16 examples were chosen, 8 examples from parental children and 8 examples from unparented children. Tests were chosen by using basic arbitrary inspecting method. After a self introduction and great reverberation with the children the examination laborer gathered the informations on positions on life in orphanhood and prosperity through meeting plan and sense of self managed surveys. The duration of pilot overview was ten days.The retest was controlled after 8 yearss.The continuation of roll uping informations takes 20 minitues for one example on one twenty-four hours. The prosperity appraisal graduated table is holding four measurements which incorporate mental, instructive, cultural, and in the future. The reliability of each measurement is checked and the general trustworthiness other than checked. The steadfastness of the mental dimension.61, instructive dimension.86, cultural dimension.89, future dimension.71 and the general trustworthiness is.88. Positions on life in shelter talk with motivation have five elements which incorporate physical, mental, cultural, enthusiastic and strict, and a general inclination. The steadfastness for each factor is checked and the general reliability other than checked. The constancy of the physical factor.75, mental factor.72, cultural factor.81, passionate factor, strict factor.79 and for general feeling.78 and the general reliability is.9. Pilot overview demonstrated the ampleness of the devices and technique.DATA COLLECTION PROCEDUREBefore start of informations accumulation one time again the consent was acquired from the approval through orally. The exploration specialist principal began the informations accumulation process at thondamuthoor orphanhood and visited the floors where the children ‘s were staying, chosen 30 examples of parental

How to Manage Panic Attacks During Pregnancy

How to Manage Panic Attacks During Pregnancy Panic Disorder Coping Print How to Manage Panic Attacks During Pregnancy By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Updated on December 13, 2019 Trudie Davidson / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that involves persistent and unexpected panic attacks. These attacks occur suddenly, bringing on feelings of fear, anxiety, nervousness, and apprehension. The emotional symptoms of panic attacks are typically experienced along with somatic sensations, such as accelerated heart rate, chest pain, lightheadedness, shaking, trembling, nausea, and numbness or tingling.   Panic disorder sufferers who become pregnant may feel concerned about how pregnancy will affect their symptoms and vice versa. Research studies have been mixed, some finding that panic attacks and anxiety increases during pregnancy. While other studies suggest pregnant women report a reduction in panic and anxiety symptoms.  ?? It is not possible to determine whether your panic attacks and other anxiety-related symptoms will be aggravated during pregnancy. However, there are some steps you can take to help cope with your symptoms during pregnancy and beyond. Tips for Managing Panic Attacks During Pregnancy If you are worried about pregnancy and panic disorder, these tips on how to manage panic attacks while pregnant may help you. Consult With Your Doctor First When it comes to pregnancy, it seems that everyone has his or her own personal anecdotes and steadfast opinions. For example, you may have a sister who shares her pregnancy experiences and advises you on what foods to avoid  or perhaps you have an aunt who likes to tell you old wives tales and pregnancy myths. Regardless of any advice you receive from others, always consult with your doctor first. Let your doctor know what concerns you have about your panic disorder during pregnancy. Your doctor will be able to help you sort out fact from fiction. She will also be there to thoroughly discuss treatment options while pregnant, including potential risks and benefits of medications for panic disorder. Work With a Therapist Psychotherapy can help you get a better handle on your panic attacks while pregnant. Your first therapy session will involve talking about your symptoms, medical history, and current life stressors. Through the therapy process, you will gain a better understanding of your symptoms and develop ways to cope with your condition. Your therapist can also use psychoeducation to assist you in understanding your symptoms. The knowledge and support provided through therapy can help reduce fears related to your symptoms and offer a sense of control of your panic attacks during pregnancy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most common forms of psychotherapy. CBT  strives to shift  negative thoughts and behaviors toward healthier perceptions and actions.?? For example, you may be experiencing anxiety-inducing thoughts, such as “Will my anxiety affect my pregnancy?” or “Does it upset the baby when I have a panic attack?” Such thoughts may contribute to increased feelings of fear, anxiety, and panic. Through CBT, you can learn to identify and change these types of thinking patterns to more positive and less anxiety-provoking ones. Relaxation techniques are also often learned through the CBT process. The stress felt throughout the body due to anxiety and panic can be lessened through the use of relaxation exercises. These techniques help you learn how to feel calmer, even when faced with anxiety. Some popular relaxation techniques include guided visualization, deep breathing techniques, and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR).   Spend Extra Time on Self-Care Pregnancy is a special time in a woman’s life in which she is often more concerned about her physical health and wellbeing. Putting some extra time aside to take care of yourself may help relieve some of your stress and anxiety. Self-care practices include any activities that you can do to enhance your health and overall wellness. For example, your self-care activities can include some form of exercise, practicing stress management skills, and getting enough rest. Consult your doctor to discuss what activities are safe to participate in during pregnancy. Keep a Support System Having loved ones to turn to can help you cope with your fears and uncertainties about panic, anxiety, and pregnancy. Let trusted friends and family members know about your concerns and enlist them to be available should you have any type of emergency. You may not need to call anyone for assistance, but it can help reduce your anxiety just knowing that loved ones are there for you should you need them.   Have a Postpartum Plan You may have heard of postpartum depression, a term used to describe when women experience  depression symptoms, such as feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness, after the birth of her child. Similarly, women diagnosed with an anxiety disorder are at risk for increased anxiety after childbirth.?? Feelings of nervousness, fear, and isolation are common for new mothers.     Fortunately, heightened anxiety and panic-related symptoms may be prevented with some preparation. Even though postpartum is typically a busy time for most women, it is important that you  follow up with your doctor and/or therapist about your panic disorder. Continue to work on your treatment plan goals, such as managing anxiety, coping with panic attacks, and dealing with loneliness. Having a postpartum plan can help you to maintain progress on your path towards recovery.

Hunting Benefits Wildlife Conservation - 2777 Words

The United States is home to many different big-game and small-game species of wildlife. The list ranges from the elusive racoon to the prosperous white-tailed deer, and even to the beastly grizzly bear. Since the United States government adopted the concept of conservation, due partly to the great acts of President Theodore Roosevelt, its has been our moral responsibility to protect the game species of America (Belanger). Our country provides a professional and sufficient way to guide conservation and to develop, regulate, and manage the nations fish and wildlife resources with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, The International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, and various other conservation groups and organizations. Hunting is the pursuance and killing of wild animals for food, trade, or for sport. Hunting has been in the center of this management movement and in the heart of animal conservation. Hunting contributes greatly to the conservation and management of wi ldlife populations. The Anti-Hunting community views hunting as a murderous activity that hunters use simply for enjoyment (IDA). They argue that hunting may have been a necessity for the survival of early humans, but now people seek out and take animals entirely for entertainment. They say hunters pass hunting off as a â€Å"sport† to cover up the merciless act of pass-time (PETA). These in opposition say that animals suffer extended deaths and usually do not die immediately from injuries causedShow MoreRelatedHunting : The Benefits Of Wildlife Conservation1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Hunting Conservation is the protection and preservation of nature (Peterson 53). Hunting is an important part of the conservation of wildlife. Hunting is widely considered a crucial part of wildlife conservation. Hunting benefits wildlife by controlling the population, raising funds for wildlife conservation, and protect wildlife. In America, there are 15 million hunters annually (â€Å"Hunting conservation†1). Hunting is a common activity around the world. Hunting is performed for severalRead MoreHunting Is An Essential Component Of Conservation944 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of hunting reveals that hunters of today share many of the same motivations and methods as ancient hunters. While technology and accessories may be different that those used for hunting thousands of years ago, the ability to take down an animal is something to be celebrated. When you learn the history of hunting, you’ll gain greater appreciation for this old tradition. Hunting is an essential component of conservation and can be used in everyday life; it has been a part of American historyRead MoreHunting : An Effective Tool For Wildlife Management And Preservation Of Wildlife1577 Words   |  7 Pages Hunting not only provides people with healthy organic meat, it is also instrumental in the management and preservati on of wildlife not only through the hunting itself, but also by the money generated by hunters that is used for this purpose. Hunting has existed since the dawn of time and continues to play a key role in providing people with the food they need to survive. Hunting plays many important roles in our world and has been a very effective tool for wildlife management and hopefullyRead MoreHunting: an Act of Conservation1175 Words   |  5 PagesAugust 4, 1025 Hunting: An Act of Conservation Some would say hunting is simply a sport, while others would say it provides assistance in conservation efforts. â€Å"Conservation is defined as a careful preservation and protection of something; especially planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect† (Merriam-Webster, n.d.) Hunting serves as an act of conservation, by assisting in population control, while also providing funding for wildlife management through Read MoreHunting Is Not Only Sustainable1464 Words   |  6 PagesHunting has been a way of life and means of survival for many different people groups throughout history. Today however, a large portion of society is becoming less tolerant towards hunting. This anti-hunting sentiment comes as a result of poor hunting practices in the past which damaged wildlife populations; however, much has been done since then to improve the practice of hunting. Hunting today both sustains and helps conserve wildlife. Hunting practices today are sustainable because of strictRead MoreThe Big Hunting Game By Ernest Hemingway And Theodore Roosevelt1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe Big Hunting Game Since ancient times, humans for the necessity of food, hunted wild animals, as they did not know how to organize a farm. They lived as nomads following the movement of their prey. Then the man began to breed animals, and this allowed him to have a fixed residence and hunting was no longer necessary, though not as much. Now, the hunt is no longer practiced for food, but for fun and sport, called Big Hunting. Captured and killed for trophies sport in Africa, the hunting of animalsRead MorePictravels Actions On National Wildlife Refuges1084 Words   |  5 PagesTake of Wildlife, and Public Participating and Close Procedures, on National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska. This rule prohibited: hunting brown bears, wolves and coyotes (including pups and from within their den), expansion of season lengths or increases bag limits, same-day airborne take of bears and prevented loopholes for trapping and snaring of bears and selling their parts (Arctic National†¦2015). HJR 69 came about not fr om science, but rather the emotions of state politicians and hunting groupsRead MoreHosting A Hunt Protect The Hunted : Pros And Cons1650 Words   |  7 Pagesthere were several benefits to go along with the drawbacks? The scenario I am referring to is if a professional hunter sold tickets for $1500.00 a piece and maxed the amount of tickets to 100 tickets. The money he received from this hunt would go towards lion conservation only and not into his own pockets. The money the lion conservation efforts would receive would be approximately $150,000.00 (not including taxes taken out). The idea of this much money going towards lion conservation to an average americanRead MoreTrophy Hunting Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesTrophy hunting is the selective hunting of wild game for human recreation. Every year, thousands of wild animals are killed to be obtained as a prize and to be showcased. Instead of being treated as living beings in nature, they are treated as materialistic objects by h umans. Endangered species are the ones who are greatly being affected by those who are trying to obtain them. Trophy hunting is most well known for its practices in African countries and ties to North America. Since the 1800s, trophyRead MoreHunting : A Animal s Rights Activist938 Words   |  4 PagesSome might think of hunting as a cruel way to obtain food and it is no longer needed for survival, but it is much more than that. Hunting has many others benefits than just a source of food. It helps control population, provides resources, and is a better life for the animals outside of captivity. Hunting is important in maintaining wildlife conservation and should be continued in the United States and in other countries. Author Noah Berlatsky, a animal s rights activist strongly disagrees with

Child Development Is The Heart Of The Head Start Program

According to the article from Head Start â€Å"About Us† the Head Start program began in the summer of 1965 as part of President Lyndon Johnson s War on Poverty. Early Head Start was added in 1994. Head Start has served more than 30 million children since 1965, growing from an eight-week demonstration project to include full-day/full-year services and many program options. Head Start and Early Head Start programs support the mental, social, and emotional development of children from birth to age 5. In addition to education services, programs provide children and their families with health, nutrition, social, and other services. Head Start services are responsive to each child and family’s ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage. (http://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/hs/about) Eclkc website Child development is the heart of the Head Start program. Each child receives a developmental and behavioral screening, and ongoing assessment. Bilingual language stimulation is a pri ority. The music and creative arts mental health collaborations enrich the curriculum as well and help realize the mission of maximizing children’s potential. Supporting the parents and making sure they have an active role in their child’s development is also important. Head start shows this through The Getting Ready for School collaboration, a specific initiative within the head start program to build parents’ skills as primary educators of their children. They also provide specific skills training where parentsShow MoreRelatedShould the Government Fund Public Preschools?1739 Words   |  7 Pagesopportunities. Not all children graduate from high school and not all lead successful careers as adults. Why is this the outcome for some and not others? One main reason behind students not being successful later in school is related to the readiness of the child when they enter school. â€Å"Evidence suggests that children’s academic skills at school entry are linked to their later school achievement (Entwisle Alexander, 1993), and that test scores in the elementary school years are associated with long-run economicRead MoreLev Vygotsky s Theory Of Cultural Development Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesteaching and publishing literary works, and finally turning his attention to fundamental questions of human development and learning, where he made his biggest impact in the psychological field. Vygotsky proposed a general genetic law of cultural development in which cognitive function occurs on two planes: first on the social (between individuals), followed by the individual (internalized by the child) (Bjorklund, 2005). For a number of years, his theory mainly gained attention in Russia and Eastern EuropeRead MoreNutrition Issues Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagesyears are obese.† (CDC). Therefore, proper health and nutrition is critical to the growth and development of young children. Many of our Americans are suffering from these nutrition issues. Media and its promotion of junk food is one way that affects obese children. Throughout this paper I will discuss the long and short term impacts of obesity on children’s growth and development, describe a specific child who is affected by obesity, and three ways to combat obesity that involves collaboration amongRead MoreA Russian American Psychologist, Urie Brofenbrenner1721 Words   |  7 Pageshe worked as a res earch psychologist for the VA Clinical Psychology Training Program, before he worked as a Professor of psychology at University of Michigan. He, then, finally accepted a faculty position in Human Development, Family Studies, and Psychology at Cornell University. He was known for the ecological system theory that explains how everything in a child and the child s environment affects how a child grows and develops. He labeled the environmental influence as the microsystemRead More The benefits of preschool Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesschool system in England of 1911. They were first coordinated to serve the needs of the poor, and health, nutrition, and social services were provided with an educational program (Boyer 48). Because preschools are subject to licensing regulations and because they have qualified teachers, they provide a valuable experience for each child beyond and baby-sitting service (Kranyik 91). The nursery-school movement began in the 19th century with the growth of the factory system. Mothers were often at workRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Early Childhood Education Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pageschange is the fact that everybody is different. Moreover people learn at different rates and in different ways. All teachers should have a well-formulated perspective on how children learn best; therefore, my philosophy would be helping each specific child as an individual rather than a group. A professional standard that is held by Personnel Preparation for Working with Diverse Individuals. explains, â€Å"All Board certificates include equity, fairness, and diversity standards which underscore the importanceRead MoreDown Syndrome And Its Effects On Children1237 Words   |  5 Pagesears, slanting eyes, and a small mouth. †¢ A short neck and short arms and legs. †¢ Low muscle tone and loose joints. Muscle tone usually improves by late childhood. †¢ Below-average intelligence. Many children with Down syndrome are also born with heart, intestine, ear, or breathing problems. These health conditions often lead to other problems, such as airway (respiratory) infections or hearing loss. But most of these problems can be treated. Your doctor may suggest that you have tests during pregnancyRead MoreA Study On Turner Syndrome1724 Words   |  7 Pagesit leads to an abnormality in the sex chromosomes leaving the woman with one functioning X chromosome. While the specific genes that cause Turner syndrome are unknown, researchers â€Å"have identified one gene called SHOX that is important for bone development and growth† (National Library of Medicine, 2013). It is believed that a missing SHOX gene is the reason behind the female’s short stature and skeletal abnormalities. Due to the random nature of this syndrome, it is usually not inherited or passedRead MoreMission Statement : What Do We Do?1715 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Heart Association and American Stroke Association. The Hospital is also proud to be one of Los Angeles County’s hospitals designated as a primary stroke center. As stated in the mission statement, CHMC is dedicated to providing compassionate, high-quality, affordable health services. The hospital is an expert when it comes to matters of the heart by providing a comprehensive, compassionate, ultramodern heart care and cardiovascular care at the Los Angeles Center for Heart HealthRead MoreFactors That Influence Cognitive, Social And Physical Development1326 Words   |  6 PagesThere are factors that can influence cognitive, social and physical development. Everyone develops at a different pace. Tyra Beckett development was different and not easy. But she overcame her challenges and became the person she is today. Tyra Beckett is a native New Yorker, who moved to Virginia. She has faced many obstacles in her life such as not speaking until three, having a speech impediment, losing her father, being bullied and stressing in college. She plans on finding a career in Human

Structural Adjustment Programme and the Nigerian Economy Free Essays

HIS predecessor and father James had already ran the country monetary assets down. Charles got into power with no money and a high taste for lavish things. In 1640 Charles wanted to go to war and he demanded that parliament should give him the money, when they refused he became furious and wanted to dissolve them. We will write a custom essay sample on Structural Adjustment Programme and the Nigerian Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The issues kept piling up and tension grew between Charles and the parliament. It eventually got to the point where Charles dissolved the parliament because of their refusal to release money to him, and he ruled without them for 1 1 years. After those years a Scottish group called The Covenanter tried to obtrude England, as a result Charles put the parliament together again, with the sole alma of raising funds to stop the group. To his disappointment the parliament refused to help him and he dissolved them yet again. He finally had to pay the Scottish people 850 Euros everyday to prevent them from moving forward, he eventually ran out of money in 1641 and was forced to call back parliament. Charles lack of money and his peoples revolution against him. Another factor to consider is that of religion. The English people did not like or want to be ruled by Catholics. Charles went ahead to marry a French Catholic lady, this caused a lot of anger and unrest amongst the people; not only that but it gave the people yet another reason to despise Charles. After dissolving parliament he made Laud the Archbishop, Laud went ahead to make a lot of changes in the church like making the priests wear robes, putting up stained-glass windows and building statues within and outside the church; this changes made the English people remember Catholicism whish they despised so dearly. How to cite Structural Adjustment Programme and the Nigerian Economy, Papers

Role of Sez Essay Example

Role of Sez Essay This report aims at examining the impact of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) on human development and poverty reduction in India. It identifies three channels through which SEZs address these issues: employment generation, skill formation (human capital development), and technology and knowledge up gradation. It examines how the impact of SEZs is passed through each of these channels. It found that labor intensive, skill intensive and technology intensive firms co exist in India’s zones. The data was generated through across the three largest SEZs (in terms of their contribution to exports and employment) : SEEPZ, Madras and Noida. The analysis reveals that ‘employment generation’ has been the most important channel through which SEZs lend themselves to human development concerns, in India. Employment generated by zones is remunerative. Wage rates are not lower than those prevailing outside the zones. Besides, working conditions, non monetary benefits (such as transport, health and food facilities), incentive packages and social security systems are better than those prevailing outside the zones, in particular, in the small/informal sector. The role of SEZs in human capital formation and technology up gradation is found to be rather limited. Introduction In this era of globalization, most developing countries are witnessing a shift away from an import substitution based development strategy to one based on export promotion policy. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Sez specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Sez specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Sez specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As part of their policy instruments to promote exports, many of these countries are vigorously promoting export processing zones (EPZs). EPZs are seen as a key instrument not only for promoting exports and earning foreign exchange but also for stimulating economic growth through additional investment, technology transfers, and employment generation. A majority of new zones have taken root in developing countries. One of the most controversial aspects of EPZs is their impact on labor standards, labor relations and human development. A significant body of literature now exists addressing the concerns about human development ffects of these zones. However, empirical evidence is ambiguous. Review of existing studies however suggests that a comprehensive analysis of EPZs’ labor related effects is scarce. There are several limitations of the existing literature: First, in the absence of a comprehensive framework within which different aspects of human development effects are woven t ogether, some effects are over emphasized while others are neglected. Second, the analysis is often supported by patchy evidence Third, very few studies evaluate the labor effects of EPZs in comparison with domestic industries (Kusago and Tzannatos 1998). Fourth, zones are not a static phenomenon. The economic conditions in which they operate change over time and affect their characteristics (or competitive attributes). This, in turn, impinges on the benefits that they yield. Gains from EPZs would thus depend on the stage of their evolution and would vary across countries as also within countries across zones and time. The present report integrates various aspects of human development effects into a single framework and examines the Indian experience within that framework. The research question is whether EPZs have contributed to employment, human development, and poverty reduction in India. A variety of terms such as industrial free zones and free trade zones are used interchangeably through most of the EPZ literature. In India, they are called ‘special economic zones’ (SEZs). The SEZ scheme introduced by the government of India in April 2000 has its genesis in the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) scheme, which was introduced way back in 1965 when the first zone was set up in Kandla. By the late 1990s, seven more zones had come into existence. Under the new scheme, however, all the existing EPZs were converted into SEZs. In the rest of the paper therefore we shall use the term ‘special economic zones’ or SEZs. The framework encompasses not only labor relations and labor standards issues but also knowledge generation and technology management in the zones and their linkages with poverty reduction. Human Development and Poverty Reduction Effects of Zones: An Analytical Framework Following the existing SEZ literature, we identify three channels through which SEZs may affect human capabilities †¢ Employment effects Human capital formation effects †¢ Technology upgrading effects Employment Effects The employment effect of SEZs operates through three channels : one, SEZs generate direct employment for skilled and unskilled labor ; two, they also generate indirect employment; and three, they generate employment for women workers. It is believed that employment creation generates incomes, creates non pecunia ry benefits, improves the quality of life of labor and enhances their productivity. These, in turn, have poverty reduction effect. Direct employment generation In so far as SEZs comprise labor-intensive activities, enterprises in SEZs constitute a significant source of new employment. Due to the availability of labor at low wages, developing countries generally attract investment into simple processing labor intensive industries. This increases the demand for unskilled labor within the zone. Shift towards higher value added activities as SEZs grow, might increase demand for skilled labor also. SEZs also generate employment for unskilled labor by creating demand for physical infrastructure within the zone. This stimulates the local construction industry giving employment to unskilled labor. Demand for utilities such as water, electricity, communication, and administration also rises. Finally, there has been increasing demand for various support services such as, hotels and restaurants, and transport, which is expected to have a substantial impact on employment generation. Indirect employment generation The indirect effect is manifested as ancillary employment opportunities generated in sectors of the economy affected by the operations of the SEZ. These include, transport, communication, automobile, civil aviation, shipping, tourism, hospitality, packaging, banking, and insurance. Employment opportunities are, thus generated for both unskilled and skilled labor. In addition to the above, there are three other channels through which SEZs generate a favourable impact on employment generation. One, SEZs provide foreign exchange earnings that slacken the foreign exchange constraints of the rest of the economy regarding the import needs of the rest of the economy and accelerate investment activities. SEZs thus generate development funds, which facilitate generation of economic activities and employment. Two, they also generate economic activity outside the zone due to the transformation of investment funds into fixed assets and purchase of inputs and services from the rest of the economy. Three, once additional incomes are generated, there is an increase in demand for various goods and services such as housing, education, health and transport. This in turn has multiplier effects on income and employment. Employment for Women Women’s share to total employment in SEZs is substantially high than both the economy as a whole as well as the manufacturing sector in the SEZs. Women workers are considered more disciplined and hard working. It is found that employers prefer female workers to male workers in the belief that manual dexterity, greater discipline and patience make women more suitable for the unskilled and semi-skilled activities carried out in the zones. Besides, they are less likely to exert pressure for high wages and better working conditions. Majority of women are young, single and come from rural and poor backgrounds. But for SEZs they might not have been absorbed into formal employment at all and hence SEZ employment can be said to afford them an independent source of income that would otherwise have been denied. SEZs are thus expected to contribute substantially to the empowerment of women. The above theoretical propositions suggest that zones contribute to human development by increasing employment opportunities. The implicit assumption is that job creation alleviates unemployment, generates income, improves standard of living, and results in human development and poverty reduction. However, it cannot be assumed, a priori that employment in SEZs enhances human development, which depends crucially on wages and working conditions. It is generally claimed that in order to attract investment, in particular FDI, governments eliminate labor standards, consequently promoting labor exploitation and depletion of human capital. There are restrictions on the right to join a trade union, bans on collective bargaining and the right to strike. Employers often pay scant regard to labor laws, employment regulations, and health and safety norms at work. These issues are critical in determining employment effects of zones on living standards, poverty reduction, and human development and need to be analyzed in detail before drawing any conclusion regarding the impact of zones on human development and poverty reduction. Skill Formation (Human Capital Formation) Effects There are various modes by which SEZs can positively contribute to human capital formation. One is the firm level activity whereby the host country labor force acquires skills from within the firm through training and learning by doing on the job. Zone units can thus directly affect the skill formation as workers are provided additional training on- and off the job. Local employees of multinational corporations (MNCs) in some cases are sent to their headquarters abroad or elsewhere for middle and, more often, higher management training, and advanced technician training. Training may spread broader than enterprise programmes. The second method involves upgrading of the education system to cater to the needs of the zone units. Some cooperative training programmes between schools/colleges and the enterprises in the SEZs are being developed. These programmes aim at providing technical education at the factory rather than at the institution. Zone units may also be setting up training institutes to impart training to the labor to create the relevant pool of skilled labor. Skill formation for the poor unskilled workers also occurs through assimilation of industrial discipline. This might increase the welfare of poor unskilled workers by increasing the range of job opportunities available to them. Improved skills and productivity increase workers’ income earning capacity. Given the high labor turnover rate in the SEZs, domestic firms can benefit from this training by hiring workers previously employed in the zone firms. In the long-term, the creation of a macro environment in which returns to education and skill development are high, is an important component of the skill formation effect of SEZs. Zone units raise the demand for and wages of skilled workers through technology transfer and capital investment, which in turn provides positive incentives for educational attainment and skill formation. Finally, SEZs offer a highly conducive investment climate to attract FDI by making up for infrastructural deficiencies and procedural complexities that characterize developing countries. Typically, FDI brings with it technology transfer, managerial, and other skills (such as marketing and distribution), access to markets and training for staff. Foreign entrepreneurs may set an important example for potential domestic entrepreneurs by demonstrating that the right combination managerial, technical and marketing know-how can allow organizations to profitably enter world. The export knowledge of foreign firms operating in SEZs is expected to spill-over to domestic firms in SEZs and then to those in the domestic economy. Through such linkages SEZs may enable firms in the rest of the economy to master production, distribution and marketing skills important for enhancing international competitiveness. SEZs can thus play a crucial role in upgrading domestic entrepreneurial skills. Technology Upgrading Effects SEZs attract export-oriented FDI and promote other forms of collaboration between local firms and MNCs. For instance, SEZs facilitate the insertion of domestic SMEs (small and medium enterprises) into global value chains by offering them an enabling investment. Global standards, low-cost competition, and advances in technology raise challenges for the SEZ units competing in global value chains. This stimulates learning and innovation which are crucial aspects of human development. Two distinct types of value chains are identified: those that are producer-driven and others that are buyer-driven. The former type characterizes those value chains in which multinational enterprises (MNEs) outsource the production of components and play the central role in controlling the system. They provide technology to the networked producers. This arrangement is common in capital- and technology-intensive industries such as automobiles, computers and electronics. In contrast, the latter type refers to primarily low-tech labor intensive industries in which large retailers, branded marketers, and trading companies play the pivotal role in setting up decentralized production networks in a variety of exporting companies, typically located in the ‘Third World’. In this case MNEs are marketers of products only; networked producers need to arrange for raw materials and technology themselves. Participation in these chains allows producers to upgrade themselves technologically on continuous basis. For instance, many local firms become responsible for original equipment manufacturing (OEM) wherein they source raw materials locally and manufacture products to the specifications of foreign buyers. But having established a range of technological skills through learning, these firms transfer into ‘original brand name manufacturing’ (OBM). Learning and knowledge created in SEZs is eventually transmitted to domestic firms supplying to the SEZ firms through backward linkages when the companies within the SEZ buy inputs from the host country. Direct transaction of technology and indirect spill-overs through various channels such as copying, reverse engineering, and movement of workers and managers between foreign and domestic companies also facilitate transmission of knowledge to the rest of the economy. Further, trade bodies, manufacturers’ associations and export marketing bodies which provide a useful platform to interact and to foster closer rapport among members act as valuable forums for information sharing and spillovers. Thus, SEZs are not enclaves/foreign territories that are functioning in isolation, as many believe. Linkages between SEZs and human development ANALYSIS ON INDIA SEZ’S RESPECT TO THE REPORT Three major conclusions emerge from the analysis. These are as under. (1) Employment generation, both direct and indirect, has thus far been the most important channel, through which SEZs have impacted on human development and poverty reduction in India. India’s SEZs are not dominated by assembly type operations. ‘Value addition’ component and hence employment generation potential of zones is rather large. Even though their contribution to national employment has been rather limited, they have contributed significantly to employment generation at the regional level. Due to stagnation, their ability to absorb surplus labor has been declining. This is manifested in the declining employment elasticity of exports. It can only be reversed if fresh investment is attracted to SEZs. With the SEZ Act in place, there has been a surge in the establishment of new zones, which is likely to generate huge employment potential in the economy. Much of this will be a net addition to employment as investment relocation/diversion in export oriented production is likely to be limited. Zones have proven to be particularly beneficial to female employment. SEZs have opened up opportunities for wage employment for women in the formal sector, thereby increasing their employability as well as improving their position in the household. This is an important contribution of zones because female employment is crucial for equitable growth. Most critics suggest that employment is feminized in the zones and that these women are young and can easily be exploited. However, the analysis of socio economic status and working conditions of female workers undertaken in the study finds little evidence to support these hypotheses. There is a wide consensus on the entral role of employment in poverty reduction. One is therefore tempted to conclude that zones can be used as an effective policy instrument in alleviating poverty. However, the relationship between poverty and employment lies in the extent to which income generated from employment permits workers and their dependants to obtain goods and services necessary to meet minimum needs. Poverty reducti on thus calls for the creation of remunerative, regular and good-quality jobs in the labor market. Our analysis suggests that wages in the zones are not lower than those prevailing outside the zones, in particular in the small/informal sector. Working conditions in the zones in terms of social security benefits, transport facilities, health facilities, food facilities, working environment and working space, are also better than those in the same types of jobs in the rest of the economy. This has had a direct effect on the standard of living of workers. SEZs, if promoted vigorously can therefore act as an initiator in the process of human development and poverty alleviation in India. (2) The role of SEZs in human capital formation appears to be relatively limited. Most SEZ units impart on-the-job training to their workers. But training is focused, employer-driven and lasts for short durations. Most workers feel that this training does not upgrade their skills substantially. Nevertheless, they feel that they are exposed to learning by working under strict time schedules, high quality standards and sophisticated machinery. This learning helps in upgrading their capability of learning further. Skill begets skill through a skill multiplier process and ensures higher returns. Workers also feel that their job prospects outside the zone have improved due to their working in SEZs. When workers move out of the zones to domestic economy, skill spill-over’s take place in the rest of the economy as well. New zones that are attracting second and third generation firms are expected to enhance the role of SEZs in human capital formation by creating demand for new set of skills and by imparting substantial training to workers for handling highly skill intensive operations. (3) Zones’ contribution as an engine for promoting new knowledge, technologies and innovations through technology transfers and technology creation has however been quite limited till now. Zones are dominated by medium tech activities and most firms are involved in contract manufacturing, which leaves little scope for Ramp;D activities. It is found that the technology-related activities of the SEZ units are not different from those of the export oriented domestic units outside SEZs. The zones thus could not fulfill the role of promoting innovation systems in the economy. This is despite the fact that the knowledge spill-over potential of zones is rather high in the economy. Most entrepreneurs are educated and run their businesses professionally. Besides, many of them have units outside the zones as well. It is also observed that most zones have formed manufacturers’ associations. They are also members of other manufacturers’ associations. SEZs are thus not working in isolation and are well connected with the domestic economy. Perhaps a micro/sector based study could indicate some success stories. References 1) KumarR, kumar R,Sez: Capturing rne Foreign Market, Southern Economist, Sept. 2006, Vol 45 2) Roychaudhury A. A. ,SEZ: to be or not to be Yojna, June 2007. 3) Aggarwal, Aradhna,Sezs and growth, Yojna, Oct2005, ) 87th report of the parliamentary standing committee on commerce on Action taken by Government on the recommendations/observations of the committee contained in its 83rd report http://164. 100. 47. 5:8080/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/Committee%20on%20Commerce/87th%20report. htm 5) Seminar, February 2008, Special Economic Zones Cul-de-sac http://www. indiaseminar. com/ 6) SEZs: A catalogue of questions, Aseem Srivastava, http://infochangeindia. org/200702036051/Trade-Development/Analysis/SEZs Acatalogue-of-questions. html 7) Some Straigth Talk on Sezs, Economic Times,4 oct, 2006.